Essay on The Jungle and Things Fall Apart -- comparison compare contra

The Jungle and Things Fall Apart Frederick Douglass once said Where justice is denied, where poverty is enforced, where ignorance prevails, and where any one class is do to feel that society is in an organized conspiracy to oppress, rob, and degrade them, neither persons nor property will be safe.  Frederick Douglass was a runaway knuckle down turned abolitionist, and time his history is quite amazing, what is even more intriguing is that this quote sums up the theme behind ii books that have nothing to do with slavery or individually other. One can conclude, therefore, that oppression, whether by law, in tradition, or by circumstance, is a universal theme.  Its sting knows no bounds, geographical, racial, or otherwise.  The African American slave suffers from the same plight as the impoverished immigrant and the indigenous peoples subject to the invasion of Christian missionaries.  Oppression, as a result, is a tie that binds two very queer novels together, or perhaps, just maybe they are not so different at all.   Their parallels can best be analyzed by taking a c sustainr look into the environments, the main characters, and the chilling symbolism present in The Jungle and Things Fall Apart. The environments of both novels stand in stark contrast with each other one a world of metal and machines, the other a land of straw huts and bare necessities.  The common theme, however, is painfully simple.  Both cultures are governed by the land, Chicago by the economy and Umuofia by its traditions.  In Chicago, when the economy suffered so did the packing industry.  When the world demanded less meat people would be laid off.  In Umuofia so long as all people lived by the traditions and l... ...tion and all people obeying said traditions.  When the environment crumbles so do the societies that are dependant upon them.  The two main characters are driven men who despite heroic efforts fall victims to circumstanc es they are powerless over.  Jurgis and Okonkwo both fight the good fight, but lose to a world the cares not for their troubles.  Finally, through symbolism the novels truly come alive.  The symbolism present gives the reader a clear depiction of the cruelty that is to pass both men.  It is truly tragic how close these horrific stories are, a sad testament to dark chapters in time honored establishments, American economy and Christian missionaries.  If these are the consequences of such highly thought of establishments, is there anyway to stop oppression from overcoming the world?  It tends to make one think.

Homeschooling Essay -- Homeschool Education Teaching Essays

HomeschoolingThe definition of homeschooling is to instruct a pupil in an educational program outside of established schools (www.Dictionary.com). Homeschooling is a good alternative to public schools because of certain religious issues, standardized test success, and variety of options for homeschool students, but in some states homeschoolers are having trouble with the school system.Homeschooling has been on the rise in the United States and its popularity continues to grow among American families. According to the U.S Department of Education, in 2003 there were 1.1 million children in grades K thru 12 being homeschooled . The 3 most popular reasons for homeschooling are concerns about the environment of other schools, desire for religious or moral instruction, and dissatisfaction with academic instruction at other schools (2003 subject field Household Education Survey). Many parents have resorted to homeschooling their children because of certain religious issues and beliefs that these families see as not being taught in the public school systems. Many parents spot this method because most public schools do not participate in religious activities and parents want their children to be taught religion also, aside form everyday studies. righteousness is also a big factor because the beliefs of these families and things they value and some believe that their child being in a public school environment leave behind tamper with these beliefs and values. Some public schools around the country do still teach good values to their students and do believe in praying before school. on that point are a lot of religious organizations around the country encouraging parents to make a sacrifice for their children and teach them at home. Some... ...are put in society. Schools were apparatus to educate people who are not educated and help students to their best ability in order to prepare them for the outside world (Lyman,Isabel). With most schools yet passi ng kids through school instead of taking the time to actually teach them, they are not doing society a favor because these kids have no skills to bring to society to better it. Homeschooliing provides the personal With the ever growing population of kids being homeschooled it is no surprise that more people are starting to brighten the benefits of homeschooling and seeing it as an positive alternative to public schools. Some states are having problems with regulations, but most are doing just fine with the adjustment. Homeschooling is a good conception because of religious issues, its success on standardized tests, and the options open to kids who are homeschooled.

Germany: Economic Powerhouse of the EU Essay -- Germany Economy

The country of Germany is one of the strongest economies in Europe as a whole. A brief history and overall status of this country is going to be explained giving examples and demographics. Along with my pick uping of the information, I will try to help you understand the importance of this countrys overall macroeconomic stance that contributes to todays wealth of the European Union. The barbaric Celts are believed to have been the first settlers of the Germanic lands before the tribes of the second century before Christ. The German barbaric attacks against the declining roman infrastructure added in the destruction of the papist Empire in the 400s and 500s A.D. The Holy Roman Emperor, Charlemagne, was crowned after he attained the supremacy of Western Europe in 800 A.D. Charlemagne derived from one of the tribes known as the Franks, native to present day Germany. For many of the years following the rule of Otto the Great many of the leaders of Germany had high position s of leadership in the Holy Roman Empire, this lasted for several centuries. (Education)The Holy Roman Empire was to loosely spread around the 14th Century. The long line of Hapsburgs ruled the Holy Roman Empire until its raven fall in 1806. A dispute brought an internal war for Germany in 1618 and lasted for 30 years until 1648. This war left Germany torn apart, spread into hundreds of principalities that independently survived with expose the Emperor. In a short time after, Prussia developed into impressive strength. Frederick the Great, organized the Prussian military and defeated the Austrians. The struggle for power between the Austrians and Prussians continued and stop in the defeat of Austria in 1866. (Education)Following the Defeat, Pru... ...and resilient one full of economic prosperity. The geography, demographics, and politics have shaped this country into what it is today. From a Macroeconomic stance, Germany has bring out done all of its neighbors. Many other count ries should enact what polices Germany has in play. Germany also has some of the top business schools in the world that I believe is obligated for the majority of the outcomes of the GDP being where it is today. Works CitedEducation, Pearson. Germany. 2005. 01 December 2013 http//www.infoplease.com/country/germany.html.Foundation, The Heritage. Germany. 2013. 2013 Index of Economic Freedom. 01 December 2013 http//www.heritage.org/index/country/germany.Gurtler, Detlef. Wirtshcftstlas Deutschland. Berlin, 2010.X-Rates. 01 December 2013. 01 December 2013 http//www.x-rates.com/table/?from=USD& numerate=1.00.

Drunken Santa :: essays papers

Drunken Santa Drunken Santa is a work that creates a miracle of equilibrium. What seemed like a clash of an opposite spectrums colors became the unlikely harmony in this painting. Jaisinis artistic vision here is formed from two components of physical and emotional states of being. Freezing and heating serve as a symbol to a homosexual need for warming up from the chill of solitude by means known to people at all times. The artist pursues his art philosophical request for innovationly knowledge that had left its traces in many of his works. A line of composition literally ignites the paintings surface with the movement. The color of this work is phosphorescent, and it create the different planes if the problematical color nature. The warm color of purple supports the hot color of Santas figure and an exotic fish above Santa. This hot color may represent the alleged(prenominal) material universe, the world of the gross senses that can be observed in a sober state. The cold , arctic blue color represents the unknown, the world of a plenteous state of drunkenness where real is unreal and otherwise. The only hard reality is the self, which never changes in any state. And maybe that is why Jaisini favors the paintings main hero, Santa, to possess the living color of fire. Jaisini chooses this color of fire to manifest the self and the cold cerulean, cobalt and ultramarine to renounce self as a mortal entity surrounded by the eternal unknown. While Santa drinks his feelings of frigid loneliness vanish. And so, he gets a company of some almost hallucinatory nature. A shark, a ghostly image, a write of another prototypical drunk who is not accidentally situated in a horizontal position. An amalgam of the several female figures that consists of a woman in stockings, a nun, a big-breasted silhouette that create a shadow between. A heat can be sensed around the hot colored Santa who has illogical his beard and is holding a glass of red wine. He show s his thumb that may be just a polite substitution for the middle thumb sign. The colors of the work are balanced by a virtuoso composition of a cubist character. The pictures space is divided endlessly. More images start to appear. The world of

Gender and Development Essay -- Gender Roles, Same Sex

Gender- office development is one of the most important argonas of humankind development. The moment a women finds expose she is pregnant she is often anxious to find out the sex of her child. The definitions of the end points sex and gender need to be understood. The term sex denotes the actual physical makeup of individuals that define them as male person or female. Sex is determined by genetic makeup, internal reproductive organs, the physical composition of the brain, and external genitalia. The style of individuals as males or females, the types of roles they assume, and their personality characteristics, may be honourable as important as a persons biological framework. In cabaret to differentiate between biological features one may take into consideration behaviors and kind roles to establish gender. Sex and gender are often intertwined, and certain neighborly expectations can be attributed to ones biological sex. The sex of a newborn sets the agenda for a whole array of developmental experiences that will influence the person throughout his or her life. Overall, the sex differences between boys and female childs in the first year of life are minimal. Boys may be a bit more active or fussier and girls more physically mature and less prone to physical problems, but that may be the extent of the significant differences. Mothers have a tendency to foreshorten more of their sons emotional outbursts in comparison to their daughters outbursts. Boys may be rough-housed or contend with in a more aggressive manor as well. This goes in line with stereotyping males as more hardy or tough and girls as naughty and soft. A parent can influence their child into these gender roles by the way they discipline. They may be harder on a boy than a girl for the exact same behavior. ... ...in the acquisition of gender difference in behavior and attitudes play a role in gender socialization (Lau, 1996). Gender role socialization according to a study done cross-cult urally found that it could be narrowly defined by the type of sex-typed behaviors such as play activities and toys. In summary, gender identity is a learned behavior that starts at a very untried age and can hinder or enhance a childs development. Gender plays a role in how a person defines themselves and grows as a person depending on their safety and security in being male or female and what that means to them and what they are taught at a young age. Bottom line is that men and women are different, and as a society and as parents being a boy or girl does not comely we have to fit into a certain box, as people are whimsical in of themselves, and that is what we can enhance and nurture to develop. Gender and Development Essay -- Gender Roles, Same SexGender-role development is one of the most important areas of human development. The moment a women finds out she is pregnant she is often anxious to find out the sex of her child. The definitions of the terms sex an d gender need to be understood. The term sex denotes the actual physical makeup of individuals that define them as male or female. Sex is determined by genetic makeup, internal reproductive organs, the organization of the brain, and external genitalia. The behavior of individuals as males or females, the types of roles they assume, and their personality characteristics, may be just as important as a persons biological framework. In order to differentiate between biological features one may take into consideration behaviors and social roles to establish gender. Sex and gender are often intertwined, and certain social expectations can be attributed to ones biological sex. The sex of a newborn sets the agenda for a whole array of developmental experiences that will influence the person throughout his or her life. Overall, the sex differences between boys and girls in the first year of life are minimal. Boys may be a bit more active or fussier and girls more physically mature and less p rone to physical problems, but that may be the extent of the significant differences. Mothers have a tendency to ignore more of their sons emotional outbursts in comparison to their daughters outbursts. Boys may be rough-housed or played with in a more aggressive manor as well. This goes in line with stereotyping males as more hardy or tough and girls as gentle and soft. A parent can influence their child into these gender roles by the way they discipline. They may be harder on a boy than a girl for the exact same behavior. ... ...in the acquisition of gender difference in behavior and attitudes play a role in gender socialization (Lau, 1996). Gender role socialization according to a study done cross-culturally found that it could be narrowly defined by the type of sex-typed behaviors such as play activities and toys. In summary, gender identity is a learned behavior that starts at a very young age and can hinder or enhance a childs development. Gender plays a role in how a person defines themselves and grows as a person depending on their safety and security in being male or female and what that means to them and what they are taught at a young age. Bottom line is that men and women are different, and as a society and as parents being a boy or girl does not meet we have to fit into a certain box, as people are unique in of themselves, and that is what we can enhance and nurture to develop.

Gender and Development Essay -- Gender Roles, Same Sex

Gender-role development is one of the approximately important areas of human development. The moment a women finds out she is pregnant she is frequently skittish to find out the sex of her churl. The definitions of the terms sex and gender compulsion to be understood. The term sex denotes the actual corporal makeup of individuals that define them as male or female. Sex is determined by genetic makeup, inwrought reproductive organs, the organization of the brain, and external genitalia. The carriage of individuals as males or females, the types of roles they assume, and their personality characteristics, may be just as important as a persons biological framework. In order to differentiate between biological features one may cod into consideration behaviors and social roles to establish gender. Sex and gender are often intertwined, and certain social expectations can be attributed to ones biological sex. The sex of a immature sets the agenda for a whole array of developmenta l experiences that will limit the person throughout his or her life. Overall, the sex conflicts between sons and misss in the first family of life are minimal. Boys may be a bit more than active or fussier and girls more physically mature and less prone to physical problems, but that may be the extent of the significant differences. Mothers have a tendency to ignore more of their sons emotional outbursts in comparison to their daughters outbursts. Boys may be rough-housed or played with in a more aggressive manor house as well. This goes in line with stereotyping males as more hardy or bad and girls as gentle and soft. A parent can influence their child into these gender roles by the way they discipline. They may be harder on a boy than a girl for the exact same behavior. ... ...in the acquisition of gender difference in behavior and attitudes play a role in gender socialisation (Lau, 1996). Gender role socialization according to a study through cross-culturally found that i t could be narrowly defined by the type of sex-typed behaviors such as play activities and toys. In summary, gender identity is a learned behavior that starts at a very young age and can hinder or enhance a childs development. Gender plays a role in how a person defines themselves and grows as a person depending on their safety and security in being male or female and what that means to them and what they are taught at a young age. Bottom line is that men and women are different, and as a society and as parents being a boy or girl does not meet we have to fit into a certain box, as sight are unique in of themselves, and that is what we can enhance and nurture to develop. Gender and Development Essay -- Gender Roles, Same SexGender-role development is one of the most important areas of human development. The moment a women finds out she is pregnant she is often anxious to find out the sex of her child. The definitions of the terms sex and gender need to be understoo d. The term sex denotes the actual physical makeup of individuals that define them as male or female. Sex is determined by genetic makeup, internal reproductive organs, the organization of the brain, and external genitalia. The behavior of individuals as males or females, the types of roles they assume, and their personality characteristics, may be just as important as a persons biological framework. In order to differentiate between biological features one may take into consideration behaviors and social roles to establish gender. Sex and gender are often intertwined, and certain social expectations can be attributed to ones biological sex. The sex of a newborn sets the agenda for a whole array of developmental experiences that will influence the person throughout his or her life. Overall, the sex differences between boys and girls in the first year of life are minimal. Boys may be a bit more active or fussier and girls more physically mature and less prone to physical problems, bu t that may be the extent of the significant differences. Mothers have a tendency to ignore more of their sons emotional outbursts in comparison to their daughters outbursts. Boys may be rough-housed or played with in a more aggressive manor as well. This goes in line with stereotyping males as more hardy or tough and girls as gentle and soft. A parent can influence their child into these gender roles by the way they discipline. They may be harder on a boy than a girl for the exact same behavior. ... ...in the acquisition of gender difference in behavior and attitudes play a role in gender socialization (Lau, 1996). Gender role socialization according to a study done cross-culturally found that it could be narrowly defined by the type of sex-typed behaviors such as play activities and toys. In summary, gender identity is a learned behavior that starts at a very young age and can hinder or enhance a childs development. Gender plays a role in how a person defines themselves and grows as a person depending on their safety and security in being male or female and what that means to them and what they are taught at a young age. Bottom line is that men and women are different, and as a society and as parents being a boy or girl does not meet we have to fit into a certain box, as people are unique in of themselves, and that is what we can enhance and nurture to develop.

Cultivating an Affirmation of the Past in the Poem “Digging”

The significance of the past is given an affirmation in the poem, Digging, written by Nobel Prize awardee Seamus Heaney. The persona in the poem takes a nostalgic trip into his past, reminiscing about the old days when he watched and participated in potato farming with his mother and grandfather. Both men handle toil and hard work with excellence this is emphasized when the persona states his admiration for the grace and competence exhibited by the men By God, the old man could handle a spade/Just like his old man. (15-16) However, the demarcation line between the persona and his earlier generation is understandably defined early on.In the first two lines of the poem, he establishes the idea that he is a writer a man who prefers handling a pen, symbolizing schoolman and artistic profession, over a handling a spade, symbolizing hard labor, Between my finger and my thumb/The squat pen rests snug as a gun. (lines 1-2) Nevertheless, the value and pride of each separate work is equall y praised by the persona. He conveys the idea that there is no difference if one uses a pen, or a spade in work, no difference when one plows a field or scribbles on paper. The only important thing is the love and heat energy one dedicates to ones profession or work.

Managed Care Essay

As recently as 1960, before the onset of managed psychogenic thoroughlyness burster, the cases of psychiatrists, psychologists, and clinical neighborly inclineers tended to be distinct. Psychiatrists had the overall righteousness of patient allot, conducted psychotherapy, prescribed medication, and supervised hospital circumspection. clinical psychologists conducted testing and proposed convention therapy and other therapeutic modalities in institutions and hospitals. clinical social workers performed comprehensive psychosocial assessments, counse guide regarding family issues, and created discharge plans for patients in social operate agencies.At that time, the moral health field was far from overcrowded. With psychiatrists alternate in emphasis, clinical social workers and clinical psychologists assumed more(prenominal) than accountability in intellectual health manipulation, and psychotherapy, in particular. The proliferation of managed aid companies dur ing the 1980s furthered the increased involvement of clinical social workers and clinical psychologists. Because of improved training and the less-expensive nature of their services, clinical social workers and clinical psychologists were more involved in providing psychotherapy to patients hurt from mental illness. (Committee on Therapy, Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, 1992). Conflict in RolesAccording to Gibelman & Schervish managed health care companies have leadd this trend of expanding the roles and responsibilities of nonmedical providersprimarily clinical social workers and clinical psychologistswhile narrowing the scope of psychiatric drill. Managed health care companies pay heed clinical social workers in particular as an economical, substitut commensurate source of labor for both clinical psychologists and psychiatrists in the treatment of patients despicable from mental illness. Presently, clinical social workers provide a wide array of services to clients wi th mental illness in a variety of settings and at all functional levels of practice. Clinical social workers practice in institutions, hospitals, school systems, clinics, correctional facilities, and private practices. They function in positions of direct service, supervision, management, policy development, research, community organization, and education and training. Clinical social workers oft perform assessments and arrange and develop services. In these roles they serve as gatekeepers and treatment providers.For some time, clinical socialworkers have performed the largest portion of psychotherapeutic work do in the United States. Clinical social workers provide as much as 65 percent of all psychotherapy and mental health services (1997). Payers have begun to ask, What type of therapist is the most cost- impressive? and What is the advantage of paying one profession higher fees than another for rendering the same service? when an impersonal review of empirical studies shows t hat there is no absolute proof that one profession foot perform psychotherapy better than another. Such research leads managed care companies to conclude that many of the cheaper sources of labor in the mental health field, such as clinical social workers, are as effective in administering treatment to patients suffering from mental illness as other more-expensive practitioners (Gibelman & Schervish, 1997) Individual verse Group PracticeWith managed cares influence, outpatient treatment, and private practice, in particular, has be nonplus a viable and increasingly important role for clinical social workers. Although mental health clinics and other institutions provide the greatest opportunity for clinical social workers, a growing number are now carrying out services in a primary setting of solo or group private practice (Gibelman & Schervish, 1996). In 1995, 19.7 percent of NASW members cited private solo and group as their primary practice, and 45.5 percent as their secondary pra ctice setting (Gibelman & Schervish, 1997). Findings indicate that the proportion of clinical social workers entering and practicing as private practitioners continues to grow (Gibelman & Schervish, 1996).The future treatment of patients in solo private practice may be in jeopardy, as managed care companies force clinical social workers and other mental health care providers to join group practices. In group practices, clinical social workers, in combination with other mental health practitioners, provide individual and group therapy, family interventions, and a variety of other services, all through one office (Shera, 1996). These groups provide one-stop shopping, as well as greater access to less-expensive professionals, such as masters-level clinical social workers. Managed care companies find that group practices are more efficient and cost-effective in the management of a population of patients (Johnson, 1995). As managed care companies continue to reduce reimbursement dollars , changes in multidisciplinary team up structures are inevitable, with even morereliance on masters-level service providers.Practitioner distinctions already have begun to diminish in favor of more team-oriented models, with the boundaries in the midst of the uniqueness of the individual disciplines fountain to blur (Eubanks, Goldberg, & Fox, 1996). Psychiatrists practically head the team, coordinating services in conjunction with psychotherapists and other mental health care providers on the treatment team. However, it is not odd for a clinical psychologist or even a clinical social worker to lead the team, with the psychiatrist relegated to the role of psychopharmacology consultant rather than an active team member (Brooks & Riley, 1996). TreatmentIn addition to changing the role of mental health practitioners and the structure of treatment teams, managed care has forced the clinical social work profession and the mental health field in general, to examine how its members pro vide care. Managed care companies are exploring new ways they so-and-so provide the most effective services to more people under increasing resource constraints (Shera, 1996). The transition from fee-for-service to managed mental health care services has created an entirely new culture for mental health care providers and consumers (Geller, 1996). Practitioners must accommodate their treatment to the preferences of managed care. Otherwise, they risk a decrease in referrals, which could ultimately lead to loss of status and income. Managed health care companies have exerted influence on the ways that mental health practitioners conceptualize their practice, forcing treaters to modify therapeutic interventions and practice protocols significantly (Shera, 1996).Brief therapy now appears to be the pet mode of intervention (Gibelman & Schervish, 1996). Long-term psychotherapy has been virtually eliminated for all but private-pay patients. Managed care companies find that studies of sho rt- and long-term therapy suggest that brief approaches are as nifty as or better than long-term treatment, except in special cases (Lazarus, 1996). The majority of interventions distinguishing themselves in comparative outcome studies are based on behavioral or cognitive-behavioral theories. These treatments tend to be goal- and depict-oriented, behaviorally specific, symptom-directive, advice giving, educational, collaborative, and aimed toward the resolution or amelioration of symptoms in relatively brief periods (Johnson, 1995). Theshift in preference to brief modes of therapy by managed care organizations has changed expectations for therapists. Theoretical orientation of practitioners has become of great interest as managed care companies look for practitioners who use brief treatment methods (Giles, 1993).The practitioners most significantly affected by managed cares shift in preferred mode of treatment have been those who provide the extensive and intensive treatments of psychoanalysis and psychodynamic psychotherapy, predominantly clinical psychologists. Their emphasis on Freudian psychotherapies, which generally have a very long duration of outpatient care and discouraging results in the outcome literature, have been, criticized heavily (Giles, 1993). emerging models of psychotherapy endorsed by managed care organizations assume that the psychotherapeutic process occurs in pieces over time. In these models, psychotherapy functions as an active working relationship among the patient and the therapist, whereby the goal is defined as change rather than cure. Managed care companies focus on resolving patients acute symptoms, rather than ridding them of their mental health conditions, has led to the gradual disappearance of the use of the psychodynamic model as the dominant framework in the treatment of individuals suffering from mental illness (Edwards, 1997).Recently, group treatments have real attention as a cost-effective means of treatment (Igl ehart, 1994). A group format allows a number of patients struggling with similar life issues to come together and benefit by interacting with one another and a therapist, the group leader (Shapiro, 1995). Managed care companies support group designs, relying on numerous studies that demonstrate the aptitude of short-term therapeutic groups using behavioral and cognitive-behavioral approaches. Managed care organizations find group treatment inexpensive relative to other treatment methods, because one practitioner can treat many clients at once, significantly reducing billable hours of treatment incurred. The potential of group treatment to alleviate the psychological problems of large numbers of people at relatively low cost makes group therapy an attractive option for managed care companies (). Despite the utility gains, however, managed care companies do not rely on group treatments as widely as might be expected, primarily because of patients resistance to group treatment.Some pa tients find the idea of group treatment difficult to agree because they have a hard timeunderstanding how they will benefit. Many patients prefer individual treatment sessions, where they have the therapists undivided attention. These patients may be embarrassed about their problems and reject the notion of others besides their therapist providing input. The logistics of setting up short-term groups, along with underway therapist practice patterns, present additional impediments to managed cares use of group therapy (Crespi, 1997). Nevertheless, the immediate cost-effectiveness of groups, coupled with documented positive outcomes, has made the modality particularly appealing in mental health delivery systems and provides a compelling argument for their use (Crespi,1997). ProjectionManaged health care organizations have influenced the delivery of services in the mental health field considerably and will undoubtedly continue to do so (Eubanks et al., 1996). Whether the developments instituted by managed care companies are greeted with pleasure, indifference, or hostility, general agreement exists that the treatment of patients suffering from mental illness will be irrevocably changed as managed care continues to alter drastically the delivery, definition, and outcome of treatment that patients receive. In the future, indicators (Iglehart, 1994) suggest that nonpsychiatric practitioners will fall out as the dominant providers of treatment. According to Giles (1993), managed care companies will expect nonmedical practitioners, such as clinical social workers to provide the bulk of outpatient care in the mental health care field. Clinical social workers are cost-effective, fully qualified providers of mental health care services in the eyes of managed care companies.Distinctions between masters-level and doctoral-level providers will become more evident as masters-level practitioners assume primary responsibility for direct mental health services, and doctoral-l evel providers assume more administrative, supervisory, and research-oriented roles (Crespi, 1997). The rapid increase in managed cares influence, accompanied by the reduction of referrals to more-expensive specialists, suggests that demand for clinical psychologists will continue to diminish (Johnson, 1997). As managed health care organizations restrict consumer choice of providers, many mental health professionals, such as clinical psychologists, may have difficulty joining reimbursement plans (Gibelman & Schervish, 1997).Despite the shift awayfrom doctoral-level providers and the narrowing role of the medical practitioner in the treatment regime of managed care companies, psychiatrists will likely have an essential and move role in the mental health care system. According to Giles (1993), managed mental health care still needs medical practitioners for their knowledge of psychopharmacology and experience in prescribing medications. scientific literature has demonstrated that psy chotropic medications are an effective and essential treatment component for most psychiatric illnesses, and psychiatrists, being physicians, are currently the only ones who can prescribe these drugs with the knowledge to do so effectively. Another likely development with the influence of managed health care is the rarity of the solo practitioner (Crespi, 1997). Individual practitioners and base group practices will likely remain, but will probably represent a much smaller proportion of psychotherapists (Committee on Therapy, 1992).With commentators predicting a demise in solo private practice, practitioners will either have to affiliate with managed mental health care groups or forego clients with insurance in favor of those able to afford private payment (Gibelman & Schervish, 1996). The psychotherapist who decides to operate outside of the managed care system faces not only a degree of professional isolation, but withal limitations in referrals and remuneration (Committee on Th erapy). The managed care initiatives sweeping the nation have profoundly affected the ways that clinical social workers and other mental health practitioners deliver services to people suffering from mental illness (Shera, 1996). As these changes continue, clinicians working in a managed care environment will more often practice time-limited psychotherapeutic interventions and, in all but the rarest cases, the practice of unregimented intensive psychotherapy and psychoanalysis will take place outside of the confines of the managed care arena.For the majority of mental health care consumers, therapeutic work will focus on precipitating stressors and acute exacerbation that may be hardened within the reimbursable framework (Committee on Therapy, 1992 Crespi, 1997). Finally, with managed cares increasing influence, use of outcome mment and management will continue. Quantifiable data will good turn a larger role in treatment decisions. Funding sources of mental health care services w ill increasingly seek quantitative methods to measure the qualityand efficiency of different interventions to guide their purchasing decisions (Johnson, 1997). As managed care companies look for hard data to determine the most effective professionals and treatments, mental health care providers will have to quantitatively demonstrate effectiveness of interventions and treatment through evidence of patient improvement (Gibelman & Schervish, 1996). Thus, the ability to implement and participate in outcomes measurement processes is vital for any practitioner who wishes to operate in the managed care environment. ConclusionDespite widespread criticism and various efforts at reform, managed care companies continue to expand. Clinical social workers currently involved in the mental health field, as well as incoming social work students interested in mental health, must take heed of the rapid developments in the field. Although the changes resulting from the influence of managed care prese nt many challenges, they also create many opportunities for mental health care providers, and for clinical social workers in particular. To take advantage of these opportunities, clinical social workers, and the institutions educating them, must be prepared (Geller, 1996). Many clinicians currently practicing, as well as current and incoming graduate students, lack information on the breadth of these developments (Crespi, 1997).Clinical social workers must actively seek out continuing education courses, conferences, and journal articles discussing developments in the field related to managed mental health care to be better informed. In addition, schools of social work must modify their curricula for incoming students to reflect the realities of changes in managed care. Graduate schools must educate future social workers regarding developments, providing students with the information and skills necessary to survive in this evolving culture (Shera, 1996). Many social work programs ar e discovering that traditional curricula are no longer adequate to prepare students for practice in the era of managed care. Managed cares emphasis on the provision of mental health services at contained costs requires specialized practice skills, particularly rapid assessment, brief treatment, and the ability to document treatment outcomes. social work educators must incorporate these elements into their programs.As managed care continues to expand and evolve, social work educators need to continue to evaluate itseffect on the training of current and potential clinical social workers. Educators in the field, along with graduate school instructors and administrators, must make the necessary changes to provide clinical social workers with the ability to admit to the changing environment. Collaboration with managed care is necessary for professional survival (Eubanks et al., 1996). Clinical social workers have an enormous role in the treatment of people suffering from mental illness and have a real opportunity to play a major role in managed mental health care (Shera, 1996). Clinical social workers must rise to the challenge.

History of Fiber Optics

HISTORY OF FIBER OPTICS * In 1840, Daniel Colladon and Jacques Babinet demonstrated the principle of guiding silly by refraction. * It was followed by a public demonstration by John Tyndal in 1852. In 1870, Tyndal wrote about the property of total internal reflection in his book about the nature of light. * In 1880, Alexander Graham Bell and Sumner Tainter invented the Photophone, a device capable of transmitting sound waves over beam of light.This is considered as mankinds first attempt to to use light for carrying information. * In 1930, Clarence Hansel and John Logie Baird demonstrated independently image transmission using type. * In 1940s, Heinrich Lamm successfully transmitted images through a single glass fiber used for internal medical examinations. * In 1951, Harold Hopkins and Narinder Singh Kapany experimented with light transmission through bundles of fiber.Their study light-emitting diode to the development of the flexible fiberscope, which is used in the medical field . It was also Kapany who coined the term fiber optics in 1956. * In 1953, Charles Townes and two of his graduate students developed the MASER (Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation), and in 1960, Theodore Maiman developed the first LASER ( Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation). In 1967, Charles Kao and George Bockham of the Standard Telecommunications Laboratory proposed the cladded fiber cables. * In 1970, Robert Maurer, Donalk Keck and Kapron of Corning Glass developed the first fiber optics with losses less than 2dB/Km. * In 1980s, losses in fiber optics were reduced to as low as 0. 16 dB/Km. This is due to the development of high-quality light sources and detectors. * In 1990s, the photonic crystal fiber was developed that can carry high power than the conventional silicon dioxide based fibers.

Smiling These Days

Dale Carnegies How to Win Fri kiboshs and How to Influence People is the veritable how-to guide of relationships, full of tips regarding interpersonal relationship ranging from how to appease the saleslady who has been on her feet all day into letting you see just one more box of shoes, to becoming a leader of your select group without raising any ire or offense, even the suspicion that youre vying for that administrative spot. The oblige teaches the reader about handling people, to fashioning them like you, and to swaying people to your thinking.Handed to me some years ago by a well-meaning adult, I thumbed through the book rather dubiously, nonetheless ardent to get from it what I kitty. Dale Carnegies self-help book changed my life, in that it realized more than its promise of winning me friends and influencing people the book allowed me to see, quite clearly, that people nowadays be not so open to your smiles and your and your interpersonal maneuvering, no matter how since re and well-meaning you may be.Subliminal messages of kindness and camaraderie dont go likewise well with people these days, compared to the in-text testimonials of people from fifty years out front. To paraphrase a popular saying, the road to good intentions is paved with practiced smiles and the inevitable ire youll erect with all those smiles. Do not offend, says the book, be sincere about this. For example, the book encourages the reader to, well, smile, and do it with your heart and the purest of your intentions shining through.Take that saleslady for example at the end of both your days, you give her a smile, and she forgets herself and scowls at you, peradventure thinking that you are another demanding customer, before she puts up the trained facade of fake cheerfulness and asks you, What can I do for you, maam? You attempt to finagle the cooperation of a colleague by underscoring his achievements, and then glossing over your own. Most ambitious individuals think of your approbation as their right, and nod their acknowledgement, and move on, uninfluenced. It seems that any act of kindness will be misconstrued as one with dubious intentions.It becomes more apparent than ever before how cynical, jaded and world-weary human beings have become, until you smile at their direction for no apparent reason, with no agenda in mind. You are immediately set with speculation and doubt, that with one smile, people see a wealth of malevolent planning and less-than-decent intentions behind it. And you cant blame your skeptical audience. Practice the tenets of the book all you want, but then, you still end up following dictates regarding how to treat people better, mostly because you want something from them be it friendship, agreement, respect or obedience.Ironically, in our appetency to reach out to people with no malice, we do so motivated by our needs and demands from them. Basically, How to Win Friends and Influence People is the benevolent persons guide t o taking over the world, in his own way. And maybe therein lies the basic flaw in my character, and in all the other people I know who say that this book has failed them similarly, that perhaps I am not well-meaning enough for this, not considerate, not kind enough. And maybe, I, too, am far too cynical to believe that this book could actually work.But then the book can teach you to transcend this, as it claims to be a guide to making friends, to ensuring proportionate relationships between strangers, colleagues, friends and family. It enumerates and elaborates techniques and devices, from that sincere smile, to appreciation and praise, to downplaying your own merits in order to encourage the productivity of others it is a self-help book about proper interaction with your fellow man. And perhaps that is the books ultimate failure, allowing us to see how cynical and jaded this world has become that we actually need a self-help book to teach us how to be decent human beings.

Linux Companies

LINUX COMPANIES 1. Quintet solutions National Residency Complex, Edappally, Kochi-24, Kerala, INDIA emailprotected com +91-484-4055472 2. Vipoint solutions 3. Spark supportWindows Engineer SparkSupport Infotech Pvt Ltd. 3rd Floor, Leela Infopark Phase II, Kochi-30, Kerala, India call off+91 484 6561696 emailprotected com 4. Ideamine technologies Linux System Engineer (1 3 years) 111/347-B, PTRA 106, First floor, P T Road, Chembumukku, Kochi 682021 Kerala, India pic91-484-4044362 emailprotected com 5. Armia 6. Admin ahead First Floor, Image Arcade Airport-Seaport Road Kakkanad Cochin 682037 Kerala , India emailprotected com 7. Admod technologies 8. Syntrio technologies 9. N dimensionz 10. On mobile 11. Hash root 12. Hashcod 13. BVS technologies 14. Rmesi 15. X Minds 16. OOPS Matrix (Denoct) 17. KSWAN 18. Vanilla networks 19. Sequires 20. Aigensolutions 21. Xieles 22. Webhostrepo 23. Supportsages 24. Servadm 25. Logicsupport 6. Bobcares 27. Bigserversolutions 28. Cliffsupport 29. Liquidsupport 30. Supportlobby 31. Best value Support 32. Supportresort 33. Asteriskssoft 34. Igloo 35. Takira solutions 36. Active Lobby NBThese are the companies i know. You do one thing search the contact number of these companies in google and call them and say that you heard about some vacancies there. Then they will elapse their mail id or will say to come directly to their company. Before that study DNS,DHCP,HTTP server,mail server, all port numbers,basic commands,hardlink,softlink,nice value,find,grep,pipe,all configuration files,mysql port number etc

Gender Stereotyping is Unfairness Essay

The roles the society allocates to its members according to energize atomic number 18 the root move of how people relate to each other in the society. Those who dont fit into predetermined gender roles face social sanctions. This paper reveals that the gender stereotyping in the society are unfair and amount to the abuse of the rights of those who dont conform to the norms.The essay takes into consideration the origins of the social standards and experiences of life which are used on women. Devors essay reveals how gender stereotypes give rise to female to male transsexuals. This paper shall also analyze Alice Munros book, Boys and Girls that provides a literary pattern that complements Denvors scientific explanation. The paper will also be complemented by various views by feminists.Devor states that since time immemorial women were taken as less grand than men. Women were not much recorded in writings on the society as men were. A close look at the writings of superannuated r eligions e.g. Greek, Judaism, and the dark ages reveals this. Cultures in the past have had individuals with mixed gender, who are based on polytheistic beliefs. In America this was identified in the 16th light speed.This was not written about as most of the writings focused on men thought to have female traits for social ridicule. In the twentieth century women became empowered and became workers due to the industrial age. In this time women who dressed like men were branded the title lesbians. This name later was used to refer to transgender women in the culture.Efforts to discover the trait of transgender individuals have been undertaken in the recent past however this phenomenon has been present in societies always. This phenomenon for long has been suppressed. Modern science has discovered the biological differences as well as psychological and social influences between men and women, and now the study of transsexuals can be studied and medication given.Devor argues that the c ontext of culture is in truth important in understanding sex and gender. He states that the structure of the society determines the lives of individuals. Gender is a result of cultural influence on the members of the society. The relations in the society that enhance gender are rules of relations in the society. He observes that the society is responsible for its transgender individuals. They represent the mean of what the society has forced in the assorted human life (Dover 37).His argument is that the home is the place where the female to male transsexuals are bred. Most of the theories on transgender individuals put the responsibility of the situation on parents. For suit beginners are seen to impart the message that women are lesser to their daughters. Also mothers who appear victimized and dependent on the husband make their daughters attracted to be like men. This leads to a personality split, which is not illness, as some people believe.In the developmental years at the st age of early development those children with male to female traits do not identify with female relations in their childhood years. The children in this stage identify themselves with masculine figures and preferred male company. In the final epitome there seems, on the part of these girls a desire to escape the problems of their gender.Transsexuals, therefore, are the result of intense socialization. The process starts at early childhood and continues to build up in adolescence and even in adult life. She argues that people should be left to live and fully express the gender roles they choose. Most transsexuals dont bear up under the surgery to change their genitalia so they face continuing limitations in society. In spite of this they are able to achieve their goals in life.As stated in the introduction, Alice Munros book, Boys and Girls supports Devors idea of sex and gender. The story of the girl narrator sheds light on Devors argument about gender stereotyping in the society. In the book Munro depicts challenges and successes in the process of passage from childhood to adulthood. Her narrators are a girl and a boy, who are siblings. She tackles the theme of sex role stereotype which is full of unfairness. The protagonist undergoes exacting and extreme initialization into adulthood like her younger brother.The author suggests that stereotyping of gender and loss of innocence are initiation into adulthood, and are extremely influential to individual children. Munro through the choice of a female protagonist who is without a name and therefore undignified lays he ground for showcasing the stereotype. The younger brother of the protagonist is named laid for lord, and by virtue of the name he is to become a dignified master of others. The gran of the children comes calling and gives the narrator advice on the rules of conduct for a girl. For instance girls keep their legs together when they are seated. The narrator faces a disliking of the roles that she i s being couched to take those of her mother. She rather likes her fathers roles.

Organizational Behavior Apple vs Scania Essay

organizational manner is a field of Study which investigates the impact that individuals groups and body structure have on organizations, for the purpose of applying such knowledge towards improving organization effectiveness. (Huczynsky, 2010) The way people behave individu exclusivelyy or collectively in order to reach a common goal. Organizational behavior includes in it such issues as organizational design, culture, Group decision reservation, teamwork and leadership. ( lexicon of Business and wariness, 2009) In this report two companies apple and S back toothia are compared to each early(a) in terms of their organizational behavior such as design, culture, structure leadership and etc.The report is written establish on the two profound studies provided in the assessment and via additional sources and researches. The report starts with brief information about the background of the companies. foster the companies are compared by applying theories such as Continuum leade rship system of Tannenbaum and Schmidt, Abraham Maslows theory of hierarchy of needs, Managerial grid lead theory of Blake and Mouton, and etc. The team-work approaches in both of the companies are highly focused, discussed and followed by recommendations.Companies background.A unfeignedly magical and revolutionary harvest-festival. What this device does is extraordinary. It is the best browsing experience youve ever had It is unbelievably great A way better than laptop, way better than a Smartphone. Steve Jobs 2010We could not purge imagine how our phones and computers would look like today. The bulky and considered luxury machines are now innovated and updated devices owned by all single person and even few by each. One of the major roles in evolution of IT technology during both these years has the multinational American fraternity c every(prenominal)ed orchard apple tree. Established in 1976, the community was initially named Apple computer, Inc, unless later on in 200 7 it was renamed into incisively Apple.The participations products are known as iPad, iPod, iPhone and Macintosh Computers or exclusively Mac Books. Apple has a very lovesome global market position as it has penetrated worlds biggest markets. According to the data provided in 2011, Apple has 46,600 full time employees around the world and 2,800 temporary full time employees and companys sales are getting higher seasonally. Meanwhile Apple is considered to be a very successful company with a very high accomplishment quality of its employees. (M. A. Lusted, 2012)Another Successful company taken its store in Sweden and founded in 1891 is Scania. Scania is one of the largest and best Swedish heavy truck and bus Manufacture Company with globally recognized reputation. Scanias products are created just the way their customers wish including in it Maximum use and minimum harm to the environment. Scanias products are designed to consume less(prenominal) energy, less raw materials and chemicals in order to have as cut back impact on environment as possible. Along with its reputation Scania makes high profits operating in much than 100 countries worldwide and employing 35,000 people worldwide. (Scania web, 2012)Analysis based on theories.According to the case study provided by Robins S and Jude T.A, the hierarchy did not work in most of the companies, but it is effective in case of Apple. Was that because Steve Jobs was a unique leader who could manage the whole company by his consistent innovative ideas? At the very beginning, Apple had a relatively flat and informal structure, but later on when Jobs was back into company in 1997, it was totally changed. If before the employees and omnibuss pull together on Friday for a beer to discuss some issues and express their ideas and even complain, after the market became more saturated with competitors, Apple was focused on changing its structure to be able to compete, keep brand and control costs.Since than company improved and became a major partitioning of the digital world. As a result of all these, the companys plans and strategy was no longer discussed through the entire company and Jobs was the only generator of ideas proving the complete hierarchy.(Debra L. Nelson, James Campbell Quick, PH.D, 2011)Unlike Apple, Scania tens to rely less on hierarchy having a more flat company structure based on independent groups performances with the high concern on human factors and environmental issues. For example, Scania successfully uses the Sociothechnical systems theory where manager controls the environmental factors that influence the companys internal operations and coordinates the social and technical subsystems. (Ricky W. Griffin, Gregory Moorhead, 2010) According to the Tannenbaum and Schmidts continuum theory of leadership behavior (1958, 1973) leaders should evaluate the situation before the implementation of a particular leadership styles. The continuum leadership behaviors model theor y is based on earlier studies focusing on the distinction of task versus employee or human orientations and demonstrates two types of leadership styles across the continuum boss-centered (task) and subordinate-centered (relationship).( Borkowski, 2011).In the Apples situation, the decision maker or the decision seller was Steve Jobs. During the all time when Jobs was the CEO of Apple, he was often called dictator or despot. Jobs never asked anyone for feedback. However he could always instruct and simplify the capabilities of the complicated devices understandable only by its creators, he thought going around and asking his employees about the confusing functions of his product is useless. Instead, undertakings played the device by, took notes of his reactions and considered it as the only necessary feedback required. (Leander Kahney, 2009)Whereas in Scania the entire company relies on customer feedback and training of stuff ideas so, if Apple has the structure where every single employee is responsible only for his part of job and has no chance to play any important role in making decisions, Scania has the structure at that place employees split into the groups brainstorm together on a certain idea or problem and together pick the optimal solutions. (Scania web, 2012) Based on all this we can suffer that Apple is Boss-centered structured company and Scania is a more Subordinate-centered structured company. Figure 1.1 below demonstrates the locations of both Apple and Scania on a exemplar Continuum leadership behaviors graph.According to the graph, where Apple is closely fitted in the total boss-centered area and Scania is fitted closer to the subordinate-centered area, the two companies are totally different in their structure and leadership, but at the same time both companies are successful and globally recognized and are in their maturity state today. In another words, Apple has an Autocratic leader, where he dictates and forces his employees or even threatens them to get the result his way, unlike Scania that has pop leader who encourages participation in decision making and considers others spiritings and seeks to satisfy most of parties.(Hungeryager and Heekman, 1967)Here comes the unbelief Despite the hierarchy and autocratic leadership in Apple and flat structured and democratic system in Scania, how come they both cosmos so different be able to achieve goals having high employee performance? The best answer for this question would probably be the motivation which is pre move in both companies but caused by different factors. Humanity would not reach any level of development without the motivation. Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) introduced a theory focused on psychological need of employees divided into 5 levels forming a pyramid, and he believed that person needs all 5 to feel satisfied with his job. (Essentials of Management, 2009).Hierarchy Common, pyramid-like organization where one person is in charge of a functional a rea with one or more subordinates handling the sub-functions. In an hierarchical organization (whether business, military, political, or religious) higher levels imply greater superiority and domination than the lower ones, and the chain of command extends straight from the top to the bottom. (Business Dictionary web, 2012)(Image extracted from googleimage.com)While applying the following theory on Apple, it is obvious that the employees in the company are approximately on the 4th level depending on their job position. alone in general, with the reputation that Apple has worldwide everyone would be proud to be employed by such a company and motivated by the pecuniary aspect. In fact, the way the pyramid narrows towards up, the same way, the number of people with those facilities narrows down. Even in case of Scania, though the employees office be satisfied with their job and status, they might be also distracted by family or any other personal issues which could make them feel de -motivated. Adams Equity theory states that, employees strive to achieve some equity between input and output, and if there is a difference between input and output, such as output less than input, the employees performance quality tends to be lower due to his/her job dissatisfaction. In another words, all contributions should be fairly rewarded. Going back to Apple can assume that there is a perfect balance between output and input.Having high fee makes the employees feel right about not taking any part in making decisions in fact they might feel more relaxed for not having big responsibilities. But in Scania, while taking part in discussions and decision making, employees feel more important, motivated but on the other hand they feel more responsibility pressure because in negative outcomes they all will have to share the loses. Looking at it more general, the only fact that might motivate the employees in both companies is the money. Due to the economic downswing which caused h igh rate of unemployment, the fact that one has a job, already makes him/her feel satisfied, but not for long. Once people get used to their job and salary they start getting bored and de-motivated. According to Guardian 2012, many of those who worked for Apple, feels cut off from the real world, suspended in a cultural vacuum inside the walls of the company.The lack of communication with cooperatives, socializing and team-working leads to employees dissatisfaction. To avoid such errors, Scania depending on foreign labor, in order to keep high productivity level, created a humanization program which was to apply a new group assembly approach. The program was all about team-work and group decisions called Saab-Scania. The groups consisted of 5-12 people and were given the power to make decisions indoors the given limits. Along with output signal groups Scania formed development groups each composed of foreman, industrial engineers and representatives. Such groups were responsible for innovating and developing the new working methods favorable for the employees.As a result, such team-working approach saved productivity time, increased products quality and raised job satisfaction of the employees, so since this experiment Scania finds its success in team-working structure. (A.. Rashid, 1982) glide path back to apple, one could only add, that high productivity and quality with the lack of team-working, is being reached only by having continues innovations and strong brand position, simply strong marketing. Further analyzing the case of apple we can add that, a huge multinational company where everyone is responsible only for his bit of work, simply being a precise replaceable detail of a mechanism, and where the main responsibility is on CEO, team-working is not that important as long as the companys goals are being reached.The Managerial Grid or the grid theory now called as Leadership theory of Blake and Mouton states that there are two types of managers c oncern for production and concern for people , and the perfect manager would be the who could exhibits both people and production concern. The leadership grid is graded from 1 to 9 from both axes identifying 5 main types of leaders country club management, team management, middle-of-the-road management, impoverished management and authority management. (Miller, 2012) The grid looks as followRelying on the leadership grid, we can assume that Apple with the autocratic approach and higher concern on production and lower on people, is classified as a company with the Authority-Compliance Management leadership and Scania, deserving to be placed on the other side of the grid is a company with Team-management leadership, having high concern on people alternatively than on production. The modern team system of Scania is highly relied on foregathering managers. The cluster manager is the manager who has overall responsibility for the team consisting of 20-25 employees. Each cluster consis ts of people with different experience and skills and trained before becoming fully operative. Often there are also small temporary teams. Thought the cluster has a manager, the employees have the sense of belonging to a team and having major role in it.A centered team-working structure helps the company to keep strong Company-oriented company culture. No one must be able to say that is not my concern, I am not responsible for that said the senior manager of the company. Although Apple cannot boast with its tem-work management Leadership as Scania, it motivates the employees providing the opportunity to get promoted from an intern into a manager. The trainings provided free by Apple itself makes the process much easier for the employees. In addition, small competitions such as answering the most difficult question of the customers are followed by rewards. Another important fact is that, Apple provides large job opportunity to young students employing them, full-time, part-time or ma king them student representatives at their schools. (Apple Inc.s Ethical Success and Challenges web, 2011)ConclusionWhile summing it all but, it is right to appoint that, while comparing the companies and analyzing their organizational behaviors the total difference of the companies has been identified. Apple is a multinational autocratic company having high concern on production and lower concern on people, despite this it is able to motivate the employees by rewards, bonuses and promotion opportunities demonstrating itself as a creative company challenging for innovations with the strong belief in its successful bright future and seeking for the genus employees from young generation, to take part in those innovations. The case of Apple has proved that, the employees are not pressurized by dictator, as it is expected in an Authority-Manager company, but inspired to work with such unique leaders.Scania, along with its rich Swedish culture totally relays on the team-working manager Leadership with the ability to balance both concern for people and production and giving the employees the chance to feel themselves part of a whole mechanism. The management in Scania believes that, every employee in the company despite the job position should feel the responsibility and share it with the collogues and feel that he/she does not work for someone, but works together with everyone. Fortunately, for Scania being further from hierarchy unlike Apple, adds advantages in terms of organizational behavior, proving the democratic structure of the company, whereas Apple proves to be really a unique company for being able to success with deep hierarchy in it.RecommendationsThought Apple is satisfied with its production and the company in whole, it should also pay worry to its employees by providing them some other activities to make them feel as a team. For example, Apple could create groups or teams responsible not for the main operations of the organization, but side operati ons or project such as charity, where the employees could take part in decision making process without the involvement of CEO. Another option for Apple could be organizing research teams with team leaders, as employees feel more motivated when they are committed in the changes.Because the managers in Scania are very multinational, the company should pay attention to cultural difference of the employees. It would be very relevant to educate the cluster managers in terms of culture of the other members of the team and than sent them to the Angers plant. Obviously the expansion of company by creating more teams in Scania is advantageous on one hand, but on the other hand it makes the companys structure too sophisticated and too massive and moreover, adding a new cluster may reduce the space of other clusters. That is why Clusters should be added within the limitations, or smaller groups should be created as smaller groups make better performance and make faster decisions.ReferencesBuc hanon D. Huczynsky A. (2010) Organizational behavior, 7th ed. Harlow Pearson/FT Prentice hall Oxford, 2009, Dictionary of Business and Management, Oxford University Press, 5th ed. New YorkLeander Kahney (2009). Inside Steves Brain. US penguin GroupDebra L. Nelson, James Campbell Quick (2011). Organizational Behavior Science, the Real World, and You. PhD Ricky W. Griffin, Gregory Moorhead (2010). Organizational Behavior Managing People and Organizations. 10th ed. US South-western Nancy Borkowski (2011). Organizational Behavior in Health Care. 2nd ed. LLC Jones and Barlett Publishers Andrew Durbin (2009). Essentials of Management. US South-western. Anwar Rashid (1982). organizational Behavior. 2nd ed. Canada Methuen. 76-78 Katherine Miller (2012). Organizational Communication and Approaches and Processes. sixth ed. US Wadsworth. M. A. Lusted (2012). Apple The Company and its Visionary Founder, Steve Jobs. USA ABDO. 9-22 A. Preston (2012). The Apple Revolution Steve Jobs, the Counter Culture, and How the Crazy Ones Took Over the World by Luke Dormehl review. Available http//www.guardian.co.uk/books/2012/aug/10/apple-revolution-luke-dormehl-review. decease accessed 18th Dec 2012. Scania official web site. (2012). History. Available http//www.scania.co.uk/about-scania/history/. Last accessed 22nd Dec 2012

The continuity of life and the natural environment

Chapter 1Introduction peeing basis be considered as superstar of the sanctioned elements backside uping the continuity of life and the instinctive environment, an all im carriageant(p) fr achievement in industry, a consumer point for homo and alike animate beings and a vector for domestic and industrial pollution. Assorted model that includes Acts of the Apost little, Torahs and guidelines for the control of aquatic substances, the timberland of bathing, climb and imbibing Waterss and wastewater control had been established since the consciousness on water pollution became a sensitive issue.Malaysia is a under fortifyed state that moves towards the vision 2020. Unfortunately the ontogeny that had been carried by step forward the state also contri providedes bad impact to the environment specially urine timber. Water is a critical for alto endureher facets of adult male and ecosystem abateurance and wellness. T herefore, its feature is in some(prenominal) case o f effect. Water tincture refers to the compo burble of a urine sample. The reading of readings whitethorn be hard and drawn-out and ratings of piddle gauge parametric quantities atomic number 18 necessary to heighten the human beings entry of an assessment operation and develop wear pee alternatives direction and program. Water timberland patterning involves the arithmetic cerebrate of water supply pollution utilizing numeric framework proficiencys. In fact, classical process- sensuald modeling attack could supply comparatively favorable foresight for urine lineament parametric quantities nevertheless, those abstractive sexual conquests rely on a coarse dissociateicularize of schoolings and needed batch of gossip datas that is frequently unknown.A river is defined as both natural watercourse of water supply that flows in a channel with defined Bankss ( Encyclopedia Britannica ) . The theme of a river whitethorn be a lake, a spring, or a aggrega tion of little watercourses, known as headwaters. From their beginning, all rivers flow crop uphill, typically lasting in the sea/ocean as sketched in. In some instances a river flows into the land or dries up wholly before making another organic structure of H2O. A river is a constituent of the H2O rhythm. A river s H2O is usually confined to a channel, make up of a creek cut in the midst of Bankss. Most rainfall on land base on ballss through a river on its manner to the ocean. Smaller side streams that articulation a river are feeders. Normally larger watercourses are called rivers while smaller watercourses are called brooks, Brookss, rills, rivulets, and many other groundworks, but on that point is no general regulation that defines what so-and-so be called a river. Harmonizing to JPS Malaysia ( 2009 ) , besides sungai, there are besides many other footings mentioning to river including alor ( Kelantan ) , carok ( Kedah ) , parit ( Johor ) , batang ( Sarawak ) and teru san.In Malaysia, the H2O within a river by and large originates from precipitation through surface overflow, groundwater recharge and release of stored H2O in natural or semisynthetic reservoirs, such as wetlands, pools or lakes. A river conveys H2O by invariably fluxing perpendicular to the lift contours, thereby bring forthing energizing energy from its accomplishable energy. Where a river flows over comparatively level countries, the river forget flux indiscriminately, get down to organize cringles and flow through the field by gnawing the riversides. Some quantify the river will cut off a cringle, shortening the channel and organizing a horseshoe lake from the cut off subdivision. Rivers that carry magnanimous sums of deposit develop deltas at their viva voce cavities. Saline waters that semen from the ocean will organize a tonic estuary.In this search, Principle region Score were implemented to violate river H2O choice anticipation supposed handbill that uses dummy uneasy Network as a nucleus uninflected method. Principle segment Analysis ( PCA ) is recommended as an explorative tool to bring out unknown tendencies in the informations. When applied on conditions, PCA will research correlativities between samples or conditions. Note that because the end of PCA is to & A lsquo sum up the informations, it is non considered a constellating tool. PCA does non try to group informations by user-specified shopworns as does the constellating methods. Harmonizing to Shlens ( 2009 ) , PCA is a standard tool in modern informations depth psychology in diverse Fieldss from neuroscience to computing machine artworks because it is simple, non-parametric method for pull outing relevant information from con raise informations amazes. With minimum attempt PCA provides a roadmap for how to cut down a complex information identify to a lower dimension to un whirligig the sometimes concealed, simplified crapions that frequently underlie it.In H2O line ament mold, one attack to the quandary of limited resources and limited intuition is to construct indication supposititious bank notes that qualify as frequently(prenominal) of this cognition, or mechanism, as possible and so imagine to a great effect on these suppositious accounts for determination. Unfortunately, experience indicates that this scheme consequences in a priori accounts with gamey prognosis errors or uncertainness. An tack together scheme is to construct every bit simple as a notional account that do non number in either resources or scientific taking into custody. Unfortunately for this type of abstractive account, another transaction arises which is telep sharpen circuit of reference is non straight place or tackled. bran-new attack such as Artificial Intelligence ( AI ) techniques has proven their king and pertinence for imitating and patterning assorted tangible phenomena in the H2O technology field. In extra, Artificial Neural Network ( AN N ) captures the embedded spatial and unsteady behaviour in the investigated trouble utilizing its architecture and nonlinearity nature compared with the other classical modeling techniques.Recently, practical applications of ANNs in the countries of H2O technology, ecologic and environmental scientific landing fields have been utilize intensively for anticipation and prediction in a attend of water-related countries, including H2O resource mass ( Liong et al. , 1999 2001 Muttil and Chau, 2006 El-Shafie et al. , 2008 ) , environmental scientific discipline ( Grubert, 2003 ) and ( Hafizan et al. , 2004 2006 2008 2009 ) .Artificial flighty networks are made up of complecting idle nerve kiosks ( programming concepts that mimic the propertys of biological nerve cells ) . Artificial restless webs may either be utilize to derive an apprehension of biological nervous webs, or for work outing unreal give-and-take jobs without need extensivey making a theory-based acco unt of a existentbiological system. The existent, biological nervous system is extremely complex and includes some characteristics that may look otiose based on an apprehension of unreal webs.The premiss in support of the usage and development of mechanistic H2O quality simulation hypothetical accounts is that the most accurate and conciliative prognosiss result from a theoretic account that right describes flesh out effects. These suppositional accounts are accurate ( it is believed ) because the theoretical accounts are assumed to right qualify acts, and they are flexible because detail-rich prognosiss can ever be aggregated over space/time ( but non frailty versa ) if necessary. The essential to calculate implies that extrapolation beyond the bounds of observation may be necessary, and this is believed to be dependable except if mechanisms are right characterized.Mechanistic advection-diffusion-reaction ( transport-fate- effects ) theoretical accounts are typically big in straddle to follow procedures. Despite this, they are still quite simple in the description of complex chemic and biological procedures, comparative to the existent universe. For illustration, in these theoretical accounts, virtually all chemical reactions are assumed to be offshoot order, and one or at most a few species of beings are modeled at for to each one one percentage point of the nutrient concatenation. Small-scale temporal and spacial declaration gives the semblance of significant cognition.In fact, it is non complexness in theoretical account description that leads to prediction truth instead, it is the underlying scientific cognition and experimental grounds that provide the footing for accurate anticipation. Unfortunately, current pattern suggests that cognition and observation may back up accurate anticipation at merely a really gross degree of event. For illustration, the anticipation from a simple theoretical account for one-year convey total N dumb ness in a H2O organic structure may wait up less information but besides may hold less prognostic uncertainness than that for a big theoretical account of day-to-day concentrations of organic and inorganic grades of N. Simply express, when less item is required in a prognostic theoretical account, the end point prognosis is likely to be less unsure.1.1 Significance of fieldThe result of this research would be that beginning allotment of river H2O quality by implementing integrating of APCS-ANN will be to a great extent effectual instead than utilizing APCS and ANN individually.1.2 ObjectiveTo place the most of the essence(p) H2O quality parametric quantity that affects the surface H2O quality of Kedah River.To implement integrating of APCS-ANN in analysing secondary informations of Kedah River H2O quality.To place the most important activities that affects the H2O quality parametric quantities and apportions or classifies beginnings harmonizing to their part per centum.Chapte r 2Literature ReviewIn an ideal universe, determination shapers would hold entree to hone anticipations of the impacts of their actions at any spacial or temporal graduated table and any degree of warm item. In the existent universe, scientific anticipations are unsure, and resources are limited. In an ideal universe, determination shapers would hold shave and dis property to get perfect cognition of results. In the existent universe, determinations are made with limited work for understanding.In H2O quality mold, one attack to the quandary of limited resources and limited cognition is to construct prognostic theoretical accounts that characterize as much of this cognition, or mechanism, as possible and so depend to a great extent on these theoretical accounts for determination. Unfortunately, experience indicates that this scheme consequences in theoretical accounts with presage uncertainness. An alternate scheme is to construct simple theoretical accounts that do non revenue e nhancement either resources or specific scientific apprehension. Unfortunately, these theoretical accounts may non straight address the job of concern. This quandary provides the pattern for the principle for the survey presented in this survey, which is an scrutiny of the utility of APCS-ANN coaction for beginning allotment.An of import challenge for scientists is to develop analytical tools that could be use to understand the interaction and behaviour of factors involved in a multidimensional procedure such as primary production, and to supply the necessary tools for supervise and direction of resources. Modeling is regarded as an of import analytical tool for biological and ecological surveies ( Cacho, 1997 Tufford and McKeller, 1999 ) . whiz of the attacks which receives turning involvement and is going popular in ecological and environmental mold is the constituent analysis, e.g. PCA ( Vink and Van Der Zee, 1997 Winkels et al. , 1998 Martinez et al. , 1998 Ferreira et a l. , 1999 Barbieri et al. , 1999 Perkins and Underwood, 1999 Zimmerman and Canuel, 2001 Flink et al. , 2001 Chen and Mynett, 2003 ) . Harmonizing to Elliott et al. , ( 2000 ) , the demand for feasible theoretical accounts of lake and reservoirs ecosystems has adult imperiousally, top dogly due to economic involvements of H2O industry in direction and limnologists scientific wonders. Models are considered to be indispensable tools in surveies of big reservoirs due to reservoir complexness in footings of morphometry, hydrology, ecology and internal and impertinent forcing maps ( Tufford and McKeller, 1999 ) . One of the attacks which receives turning involvement and is going popular in ecological and environmental mold is the constituent analysis, e.g. ( PCA ) ( Vink and Van Der Zee, 1997 Winkels et al. , 1998 Martinez et al. , 1998 Ferreira et al. , 1999 Barbieri et al. , 1999 Perkins and Underwood, 1999 Zimmerman and Canuel, 2001 Flink et al. , 2001 Chen and Mynett, 2003 ) . Main concern of the constituent analysis is to understand manner of action or behaviour of constituents of a system and its subsystems ( Cacho, 1997 Martinez et al. , 1998 Winkels et al. , 1998 Barbieri et al. , 1999 Petersen et al. , 2001 nauseousnaz et al. , 2003 ) .Main concern of the constituent analysis is to understand manner of action or behaviour of constituents of a system and its subsystems ( Cacho, 1997 Martinez et al. , 1998 Winkels et al. , 1998 Barbieri et al. , 1999 Petersen et al. , 2001 Wannaz et al. , 2003 ) . PCA, which is wide apply in aquatic environmental and ecological mold surveies, offers an nonsubjective method for managing big rotary of biotic and abiotic informations and an assistance in cut pop the complexness of multidimensional system by maximization of constituent lading divergence and riddance of remove constituents ( Petersen et al. , 2001 Bengraine and Marhaba, 2003 Loska and Wiechula, 2003 ) . PCA farther enables one to pull out explainable information to explicate physicochemical parametric quantities of a system ( Barbieri et al. , 1999 ) by explicating the variance-covariance construction of the original variables. In recent old ages, PCA has been employed either only or in combination with other methods to pattern biological and ecological procedures ( Vink and Van Der Zee, 1997 Winkels et al. , 1998 Martinez et al. , 1998 Ferreira et al. , 1999 Barbieri et al. , 1999 Perkins and Underwood, 1999 Zimmerman and Canuel, 2001 Flink et al. , 2001 Ansari et al. , 2003 Chen and Mynett, 2003 ) . variable analysis techniques & A mdash PCA, bunch analysis, multiple arrested development analysis & A mdash cease reading of big and complex informations mat sifts for better apprehension of H2O quality and ecological position of the environment. Several variable theoretical accounts are used for beginning allotment surveies, as they pinpoint the possible factors or beginnings that influence t he H2O quality ( Morales et al. , 1999 Wunderlin et al. , 2001 Petersen et al. , 2001 Raghunath et al. , 2002 ) . Pollution governments use theoretical accounts to develop optimum control schemes for environmental pollutants ( Olmez et al. , 1994 ) . Receptor theoretical accounts infer separate from varied beginning types utilizing multivariate standards taken at one or much(prenominal) receptor locations ( Olmez et al. , 1994 Watson et al. , 2002 ) . PCA and peremptory chief constituent tonss ( APCS ) are the parts of multivariate theoretical account ( Watson et al. , 2002 ) . The labor of this probe was to quantify the parts of the beginnings impacting the H2O quality of Kedah River. Therefore, big informations self-possessed over assorted seasons was subjected to multivariate analysis.Multivariate statistical theoretical accounts, as auxiliary methods to dearly-won field studies, have been successfully used to place anthropogenic pollution and beginning profiles in su rface H2O, dirts and deposits ( Shine et al. , 1995 Facchinelli et al. , 2001 Simeonov et al. , 2003 Astel et al. , 2006 Han et al. , 2006 Wang and Qin 2006 chow chow et al. , 2006 ) . For illustration, PCA allows the transmutation and opthalmic image of complicated datasets into meaningful variables without losing utile informations ( Pere & A ague -Trepat et al. , 2006 ) . However, multivariate analyses are sensitive to outliers and the non-normal distributions of geochemical datasets therefore, it is indispensable to analyze the chance distributions of all variables and melt appropriate informations transmutations ( Johnson and Wichern 2002 ) . Yet few surveies have considered these of import factors ( Pere & A ague -Trepat et al. , 2006 ) . In add-on, receptor modeling of assorted possible pollution beginnings has been widely used in legion beginning apportionment surveies of air pollutants ( Watson et al. , 2002 Hopke 2003 Song et al. , 2006 ) . As eigenvector theoretical account, multivariate additive arrested development of absolute chief constituent tonss ( MLR-APCS ) has been applied to the allotment of H2O pollution beginnings ( Simeonov et al. , 2003 Pekey et Al. 2004 ) , showing the dependability of utilize receptor theoretical accounts to the aquatic environment.The PCA theoretical account was expressed as follows ( Johnson and Wichern 2002 ) Zji = & A sum wjk pkiwhere I = 1, , n samples J = 1, , thousand elements k = 1, , thousand beginnings Zji is the standardised concentration and wjk and pki the factor burdens and factor tonss, several(prenominal)ly. To better the reading of pollution forms, Kaiser s VARIMAX extraneous rotary motion of PCs was performed to maximise the simpleness of the entire burdens ( Brumelis et al. , 2000 Pere & A ague -Trepat et al. , 2006 ) , and based on the revolved PCA, we identified the latent pollution beginnings and beginning profiles. The MLR-APCS assumed a additive relationship bet ween the entire mass concentration and the parts of each luck ( Thurston and Spengler 1985 ) . start-off parts to the entire concentration were estimated with MLR utilizing the de-normalized ( APCS ) qi set as followsMi = & A delta 0 + & A beat & A zeta K ( APCS ) ki = & A delta 0 + & A amount & A zeta K ( pki + & A sum Bkj& A 8121 j / & A delta J )WhereXj and& A delta j are the second-rate concentration and the standard divergence for element J, severally,Mi the ascertained mass concentration in sample I,& A zeta k the additive arrested development co streamlineds and& A delta 0 the part of unidentified beginnings.PCA ( Vandeginste et al. , 1998 Malinowski, 1991 Martens and Naes, 1989 ) is an of import tool used to analyze informations matrices, which extracts extra information that would differently be unaccessible. It seeks the interchangeableities between the columns and rows of any informations matrix of dependent variables. PCA helps in findi ng ( I ) how samples differ from one another, ( two ) which variables lend most to this difference and ( three ) if those variables contribute in the aforesaid(prenominal) manner or are nonsymbiotic of each other.Harmonizing to Infometrix Inc. ( 1995 ) , chemometrics is a multivariate mathematical and statistical attack to the analysis and reading of analytical informations. Pattern acknowledgment methods have been used in chemometrics to uncover and measure out complex relationships in a patient of assortment of environmental applications. These methods have contributed to the systematic apprehension of sediment hint metal and organic concentrations originating from natural and anthropogenetic beginnings. Chemometrics is besides utile in measuring biological response to natural or toxic factors, and can place the beginning of the deformity. joint utilizations of this technique are to 1 ) identify factors that are combinations of mensurable variables 2 ) illustrate groups or roll up associations among samples 3 ) buttocks spacial distribution of environmental factors or disturbances and 4 ) predict a belongings of involvement ( such as biological response to chemical disturbance ) .The judgment of environmental quality is frequently based on tremendous sums of physicochemical informations, which if processed utilizing descriptive, univariate methods is of small value to decision-makers ( Ignatides et al. , 1985 ) . Simple appraisals can be made utilizing descriptive statistics ( mean, standard divergence, etc. ) and some graphical AIDSs. However, the job of foretelling the position of unknown samples with these simple attacks becomes more and more complicated as the participate of parametric quantities is increased. Consequently, multivariate techniques ( Adams, 1998 Vandeginste, 1998 ) are needed to accomplish satisfactory consequences. Such techniques have been proven as suited for environmental quality appraisal ( Karydis, 1994 Moriki and Ka rydis, 1994 Wunderlin et al. , 2001 ) . They offer greater possibilities to directors in footings of helping the decision-making procedure ( Karydis, 1992 Ignatides et al. , 1992 ) . European, national and regional disposals are demoing a turning involvement in the development of indices for measuring environmental quality. These indices must be based on multivariate processs that have a prognostic capableness ( Consejer & A iacute a de Medio Ambiente, 1995 ) .Chemometric methods ( besides known as multivariate statistical techniques ) are progressively in usage, which provide several avenues for explorative appraisal of H2O quality informations sets and categorization of H2O qualities. Chemometric methods identify the natural bunch form and group variables on the footing of similarities between the samples. The most common methods of chemometric methods for categorization are viz. , cluster analysis ( CA ) and chief constituent analysis ( PCA ) with factor analysis ( FA ) . The discriminant analysis ( DA ) is used to corroborate the groups found by agencies of the CA and PCA. These multidimensional informations analysis methods are progressively in usage for environmental surveies covering with measurings and observe ( Kannel et. Al, 2006 ) . In this paper, merely PCA will be performed, and farther integrated with ANN to maximise the effectivity of this prognostic theoretical account.Cluster analysis and PCA have been widely used as they are indifferent methods which can head associations between samples and/or variables ( Wenning and Erickson, 1994 ) . These associations, based on similar magnitudes or fluctuations in chemical and physical components, may bespeak the presence of seasonal or semisynthetic influences. Hierarchical agglomerate bunch analysis indicates groupings of samples by associating inter-sample similarities and illustrates the overall similarity of variables in the information set ( Massart and Kaufman, 1983 ) . PCA is used to cut do wn the dimensionality of the informations set by explicating the correlativity among a big set of variables in footings of a little figure of implicit in factors or chief constituents without losing much information ( Jackson, 1991 Meglen, 1992 ) , and allows appraisal of associations between variables, since they indicate engagement of single chemicals in several influence factors. Exploratory information analysis has been used to measure the H2O quality of rivers, and seasonal, spacial and anthropogenetic influences have been evidenced ( Brown et al. , 1980 Bartels et al. , 1985 Grimalt et al. , 1990 Librando, 1991 Andrade et al. , 1992 Aruga et al. , 1993 Elosegui and Pozo, 1994 Pardo et al. , 1994 Battegazzore and Renoldi, 1995 Voutsa et al. , 1995 ) .In a relevant research, similar attack of statistical methods were being used in analysing a set of informations from Guadalquivir River quality parametric quantity and associated with anthropogenetic beginnings. In the p resent work, complete survey of the H2O quality of Guadalquivir River, from Seville to the oral cavity were completed. Besides, chemometrics analytical method was used to set up the effects caused by the different human activities performed in the borders of the river. A sum of 26 trying Stationss located along the river measured several physico-chemical variables in the country, and in three different lines from 2001 to 2002. With the consequences a informations matrix were informations matrix built, which was analysed by ( FA/PCA ) and cluster analysis ( CA ) . This analysis allowed the designation of cardinal different zones in the river, with different H2O quality. The eldest zone ( zone 1A ) comprised from Alcal & A aacute del R & A ague & amp 305 O to Seville. The 2nd zone ( zone 1B ) was the metropolis of Seville, and as a effect, presented higher concentrations of several variables such as nitrite, ammonium or Mn. The 3rd zone ( zone 2 ) included from Seville to th e Guadiamar River. In this country, agribusiness is the chief activity, and so, higher concentrations of suspended solids and phosphate were measured. In footings of H2O quality, this zone was partly similar to district 1A, and partly similar to the 4th zone, get downing in the Guadiamar River and coating in the oral cavity of the Guadalquivir River. The H2O in this last zone ( zone 3 ) is chiefly estuarial H2O. Therefore, its quality is influenced by saltwater comment, and besides by the inputs from the Guadiamar River ( coming from a excavation country ) , and presented higher Cu concentration. Three chief constituents ( Personal calculating machines ) were extracted, explicating the 79.1 % of the informations discrepancy. PC1 ( 46.9 % discrepancy ) was chiefly associated with nitrite, ammonium and manganese. PC2 ( 22.5 % discrepancy ) was chiefly associated with suspended solids and phosphates. PC3 ( 9.7 % discrepancy ) was chiefly correlated to nitrate and copper concentration ( Mendiguchia et. Al 2004 ) .Similar attack of making a theoretical account based on prognostic methods for analysing informations collected from environmental surveies were conducted at Bagmati River Basin, Nepal. Harmonizing to Kannel et Al, ( 2006 ) , the survey presents the application of selected chemometric techniques CA, PCA, FA and discriminant analysis, to sort a river H2O quality and rating of the pollution informations. Seventeen Stationss, monitored for 16 physical and chemical parametric quantities in 4 seasons during the period 1999-2003, located at the Bagmati river basin in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal were selected for the mantled of this survey. The consequences allowed, finding natural bunchs of monitor Stationss with similar pollution features and placing chief discriminant variables that are of import for regional H2O quality fluctuation and possible pollution beginnings impacting the river H2O quality. The analysis enabled to group 17 monitoring sites into 3 part s with 5 major know aparting variables EC, DO, CL, NO2N and BOD. Results revealed that some locations were under the high influence of municipal taint and some others under the influence of minerals. This survey demonstrated that chemometric method is effectual for river H2O categorization, and for rapid appraisal of H2O qualities, utilizing the delegate sites it could function to optimise cost and clip without losing any significance of the result.Another expression entitled Apportionment of Sources Affecting Water Supply at Kandla Creek located at disconnection of Katchchh, India, experimented on use of PCA and successfully apportion five major beginnings of pollutant. As stated by Dalal et Al. ( 2009 ) , this survey examines a big dataset collected over assorted seasons of the twelvemonth in Kandla Creek, Gulf of Katchchh, India, to place and measure the parts of the beginnings impacting the H2O quality. Principal PCA was applied to simplify and understand the complex relatio nships among H2O quality parametric quantities. Five Personal calculating machines were found responsible for the information construction and 76 % of the entire discrepancy of the information set. APCS receptor theoretical account provided allotment of assorted beginnings lending to the H2O quality. Our survey reveal that the port activities contributed 80 % of the ascertained turbidity, 70 % of suspended solids and 68 % of crude oil hydrocarbons agricultural overflow contributed virtually 69 % of the ascertained phosphate, 57 % of the nitrate, and 63 % of the nitrite and industrial discharges contributed about 92 % of the ascertained ammonium hydroxide.Harmonizing to Camdevyren et al. , 2004, Chlorophyll-a is a well-accepted index for phytoplankton copiousness and population of primary manufacturers in an aquatic environment. The relationships between Chlorophyll-a and 16 chemical, physical and biological H2O quality variables in C & A cedil aml & amp 305 dere reservoir ( Ankara, Turkey ) were studied by utilizing chief constituent tonss ( PCS ) in multiple additive arrested development analysis ( MLR ) to foretell Chlorophyll-a degrees. Principal component analysis was used to simplify the complexness of dealingss between H2O quality variables. Mark values noticeed by Personal computer tonss were used as autarkical variables in the multiple additive arrested development theoretical accounts. Two attacks were used in the present statistical analysis. In the first attack, merely five selected moderate values obtained by Personal computer analysis were used for the anticipation of Chlorophyll-a degrees and prognostic success ( R2 ) of the theoretical account found as 56.3 % . In the 2nd attack, where all mark values obtained from the Personal computer analysis were used as free-living variables, prognostic power was turned out to be 90.8 % . both(prenominal) attacks could be used to foretell Chlorophyll-a degrees in reservoirs successfully.Recen tly, applications of ANNs in the countries of H2O technology, ecological scientific disciplines, and environmental scientific disciplines have been reported since the beginning of the 1990s. In recent old ages, ANNs have been used intensively for anticipation and prediction in a figure of water-related countries, including H2O resource survey ( Liong et al. , 1999 2001 Muttil and Chau, 2006 El-Shafie et al. , 2008 ) , oceanology ( Makarynskyy, 2004 ) , and environmental scientific discipline ( Grubert, 2003 ) . The ANN, as the name implies, employs the theoretical account construction of a nervous web which is really sinewy computational technique for patterning complex non-linear relationships peculiarly in state of affairss where the expressed signifier of the relation between the variables involved is unknown ( Gallant, 1993 Smith, 1994 ) . The basic construction of an ANN theoretical account is normally comprised of three typical beds, the input bed, where the informations are introduced to the theoretical account and calculation of the leaden amount of the input is performed, the concealed bed or beds, where informations are processed, and the end product bed, where the consequences of ANN are produced. Each bed consists of one or more basic component ( s ) called a nerve cell or a node. A nerve cell is a non-linear algebraic map, parameterized with boundary values ( Dreyfus et al. , 2002 ) . The signal passing through the nerve cell is modified by weights and transportation maps. This procedure is repeated until the end product bed is reached ( Govindaraju, 2000 ) . The figure of nerve cells in the input, hidden and end product beds depends on the job. If the figure of concealed nerve cells is little, the web may non hold sufficient grades of freedom to larn the procedure right. On the other manus, if the figure is excessively high, the forwardness will take a longer clip and the web may over-fit the information ( Karunanithi et al. , 1994 ) .The usage of data-driven techniques for patterning the quality of both fresh water ( Chen and Mynett, 2003 ) and saltwater ( Lee et al. , 2000, 2003 ) has met with success in the past decennary. Reckhow ( 1999 ) studied Bayesian chance web theoretical accounts for steering determination doing sing H2O quality in the Neuse River in northwards Carolina. Chau ( 2006 ) has reviewed the development and current advancement of the integrating of unreal intelligence ( AI ) into H2O quality mold. Arbors ( 2000 ) true theoretical account to foretell suspended solids conceder local precipitation, watercourse flow rates and turbidness as input. Hatim ( 2007 ) employed an ANN attack utilizing six variables for the initial anticipation of suspended solids in the watercourse at Mamasin dike. Most of them employed about all possible environmental parametric quantities as input variables without sing the optimum pick amongst them. The present survey attempted to pattern Kedah River Basin H2O quality p arametric quantities utilizing APCS-ANN mold for the first clip.Limited H2O quality informations and the high cost of H2O quality monitoring frequently pose serious jobs for process-based mold attacks. ANNs provide a peculiarly right option, because they are computationally really fast and necessitate many fewer input parametric quantities and input conditions than deterministic theoretical accounts. ANNs do, nevertheless, require a big pool of cook upative informations for expression. prescience of fresh water beings based on machine larning techniques is going more and more dependable due to the handiness of appropriate datasets and patterning techniques. Artificial nervous webs ( Lek and Guegan, 1999 ) , fuzzed logic ( Barros et al. , 2000 ) , evolutionary algorithms ( Caldarelli et al. , 1998 ) , cellular zombi ( Gronewold and Sonnenschein 1998 ) , etc. proved to be powerful tools to execute ecological modeling, particularly when big datasets are involved. Models have severa l interesting applications in river direction. They allow for a better reading of the consequences, easing the cause-allocation of the existent river position and increasing the penetration needed to better appraisal systems. Models besides allow for imitating the consequence of possible direction options and therefore back uping decision-making. The development of effectual and efficient monitoring webs based on theoretical accounts is likely another of import advantage. The & A lsquo River Invertebrate Prediction and Classification System ( RIVPACS ) attack, based on statistical modeling, is presently one of the best gettable techniques for measuring the biological quality of running Waterss because it offers the ability to utilize environmental variables to foretell species that are expected to conk at a site if it is unstressed. The expected zoology is so compared with the ascertained community of macroinvertebrates in order to measure the river quality ( Wright et al. 2000 ) . However, biological communities are dynamic and the nature of RIVPACS would necessitate to be altered in order to foretell a alteration in faunal composing in response to new environmental conditions at a given site ( De Pauw 2000 ) .ANNs are, nevertheless, still non widely used tools in the Fieldss of H2O quality anticipation and prediction. ANNs are able to come close accurately complicated non-linear input- end product relationships. resembling their physics-based numerical theoretical account opposite numbers, ANNs require preparation or calibration. After preparation, each application of the clever ANN is an appraisal of a simple algebraic look with known coefficients and is executed practically outright. The ANN technique is flexible plenty to suit extra restraints that may originate in the application. Furthermore, the ANN theoretical account can uncover concealed relationships in the historical informations, therefore easing the anticipation and prediction of H2O qua lity.By and large, calculating theoretical accounts can be divided into statistical and physically based attacks. Statistical attacks get a line relationships between historical informations sets, whereas physically based attacks model the implicit in procedures straight. Multilayer Perceptron ( MLP ) web ( Rumelhart et al. , 1986 ) are about related to statistical theoretical accounts and are the type of ANN most suited to calculating applications.When utilizing ANNs for prediction, the mold belief employed is similar to the used in traditional statistical attacks. In both instances the unknown theoretical account parametric quantities ( i.e. , the contact weights in the instance of ANNs ) are adjusted in order to obtain the best lucifer between a historical set of theoretical account inputs and the corresponding end products.These nervous webs are normally used in ecological surveies because they are suggested to be cosmopolitan approximators of any uninterrupted map ( Hornik and White, 1989 ) . It consists of at least three or more beds, which comprise an input bed, an end product bed and a figure of concealed beds. Each nerve cell in one bed is connected to the nerve cells in the following bed, whereas there are no connexions between the units of the corresponding bed ( Kasabov, 1996 ) .Najah et. Al, ( 2009 ) , in an article entitled Prediction of Johor River Water Quality Parameters Using Artificial Neural Networks verified that H2O is a critical for all facets of human and ecosystem endurance and wellness. Therefore, its quality is besides of import. Water quality refers to the composing of a H2O sample. The reading of informations may be hard and drawn-out. Evaluations of H2O quality parametric quantities are necessary to heighten the public presentation of an assessment operation and develop better H2O resources direction and program. Water quality patterning involves the anticipation of H2O pollution utilizing mathematical simulation techniques. In fact, classical process-based mold attack could supply comparatively good anticipation for H2O quality parametric quantities nevertheless, those theoretical accounts rely on big sum of informations and needed batch of input informations that frequently unknown. New attack such as Artificial Intelligence techniques has proven their ability and pertinence for imitating and patterning assorted physical phenomena in the H2O technology field. In extra, ANN captures the embedded spatial and unsteady behaviour in the investigated job utilizing its architecture and nonlinearity nature compared with the other classical mold techniques. Johor River Basin located in Johor province, Malaysia which is significantly degrade due to human activities every bit good as urbanisation in and within the country. The survey attempted to foretell H2O quality parametric quantities at Johor River Basin using ANN mold. This survey proposed a anticipation theoretical account for entire dissolved solids, e lectrical conduction, and turbidness. The consequences show that the proposed ANN anticipation theoretical account has a great potency to imitate and foretell the sum dissolved solids, electrical conduction, and turbidness with absolute average mistake 10 % for different H2O organic structures.ANNs are being used widely to foretell and calculate H2O resources parametric quantities harmonizing to the specified end product mark. There are a few stairss that should be followed in the designing of such theoretical accounts and these include the pick of public presentation standards, the separation and pre-treatment of the operable informations set, the finding of suited inputs and web construction, optimisation of the connexion weights ( developing ) and proof of the theoretical account. Guidance for each option of the stairss available for theoretical account interior decorators are discussed and issues with high item of concern are highlighted. A reappraisal covering with the usage o f nervous web theoretical accounts for the anticipation and prediction of H2O resources variables is undertaken in footings of the modeling procedure adopted. The huge bulk of these webs are trained utilizing the backpropagation algorithm. Issues in relation to the optimum division of the available informations, informations pre-processing and the pick of appropriate theoretical account inputs are seldom considered. In add-on, the procedure of taking appropriate fillet standards and optimising web geometry and internal web parametric quantities is by and large described ill or carried out inadequately. All of the above factors can ensue in non-optimal theoretical account public presentation and an inability to pull meaningful comparings between different theoretical accounts. Future research attempts should be directed towards the development of guidelines which assist with the development of ANN theoretical accounts and the pick of when ANNs should be used in penchant to alternate attacks, the appraisal of methods for pull outing the cognition that is contained in the connexion weights of trained ANNs and the incorporation of uncertainness into ANN theoretical accounts ( Maier and Dandy, 1999 ) .Harmonizing to Imrie et al. , ( 2000 ) , ANNs provide a quick and flexible agencies of making theoretical accounts for river flow anticipation, and have been shown to execute good in comparing with conventional methods. However, if the theoretical accounts are trained utilizing a dataset that contains a limited scope of values, they may execute ill when meeting events incorporating antecedently undetected values. This failure to generalize bounds their usage as a tool in applications where the information available for standardization is improbable to cover all possible scenarios. The paper presents a method for improved induction during preparation by adding a counsel system to the cascade correlativity larning architecture. Two instance surveies from catchments in the UK are prepared so that the proof informations contains values that are greater or less than any included in the standardization informations. The ability of the developed algorithm to generalize on new informations is compared with that of the standard mistake backpropagation algorithm. The ability of ANNs trained with different end product activation maps to generalize beyond the standardization informations is assessed.ANN had been widely used as prediction and predicting theoretical accounts throughout the universe. In conformity with Zhang and Stanley ( 1997 ) , in H2O intervention processes, raw-water coloring material is a cardinal parametric quantity for procedure control and monitoring. Therefore, the ability to foretell the raw-water coloring material is desired to help in the optimisation of the intervention procedure. However, due to the high discrepancy and the built-in non-linear relationship of the raw-water coloring material clip series, it is hard to bring fort h a dependable theoretical account with conventional mold attacks. In this paper, the ANN mold technique is used to set up a theoretical account for calculating the raw-water coloring in a big river. A general ANN mold outline is besides recommended for the remainder of the raw-water parametric quantities. The mold procedure typically includes four phases beginning informations analysis, system priming, and system fine-tuning and exemplary rating. Some optimisation issues involved in the mold compass points and the possible applications of ANN in the H2O intervention industry are besides discussed. Result indicate that the ANN mold strategy shows much promise for H2O quality mold and procedure control in H2O intervention.In a similar scientific research, same attack has been performed to construct a theoretical account of river H2O quality. Karoon River in Iran is selected to measure the capableness of ANNs for H2O quality simulation. This river is the longest river in Iran. It is located in Khuzestan state, southward West of the state. Several H2O quality variables including CO3, HCO3, SO4, Cl, Na, Ca, Mg, K, EC, TDS and SAR have been simulated. Datas from 1985 to 2006 at supervising Stationss including Arabhasan, Valiabad, Molasani, Ahwaz, Farsiat and Darkhoyen have been used for preparation of the selected ANN. Qnet 2000 ANN is selected for patterning intents in the present research. Results show that Qnet 2000 is able to foretell H2O quality variables of the Karoon River really successfully with more than 90 % truth. Research and prognostic webs on imbibing H2O quality and intervention has besides been established. Baxter et. Al, 2001, stated that in the article to better imbibing H2O quality while cut downing direct costs, many imbibing H2O public-service corporations are puting in advanced procedure control and mechanization engineerings. The usage of AI engineerings, specifically ANNs, is increasing in the imbibing H2O intervention industry as they allow for the development of robust nonlinear theoretical accounts of complex unit processes. This paper highlights the public-service corporation of ANNs in H2O quality modeling every bit good as imbibing H2O intervention procedure modeling and control through the presentation of several instance surveies at two large-scale H2O intervention workss in Edmonton, Alberta as stated by Musavi-Johrami and Golabi ( 2008 ) .In a closely related article, Juahir et Al. ( 2004, 2009 ) , same method that implemented ANN to construct a theoretical account of prognostic web of H2O quality parametric quantity for Langat River Basin. This survey discusses the development and proof of an Artificial Neural Network ( ANN ) theoretical account in gauging H2O quality index ( WQI ) in the Langat River Basin, Malaysia. The ANN theoretical account has been developed and tested utilizing informations from 30 monitoring Stationss. The mold information was divided into two sets. For the first set, ANNs were trained, tested and validated utilizing six independent H2O quality variables as input parametric quantities. Consequently, MLR was applied to extinguish independent variables that exhibit the net part in discrepancy. Independent variables that accounted for about 71 % of the discrepancy in WQI are Dissolved group O ( DO ) , Biochemical Oxygen bring ( BOD ) , Suspended Solids ( SS ) and Ammoniacal-Nitrate ( AN ) . The Chemical Oxygen Demand ( turn on ) and pH contributed merely 8 % and 2 % to the discrepancy, severally. Therefore, in the 2nd information set, merely four independent variables were used to develop, trial and formalize the ANNs. We found that the correlativity coefficient given by six independent variables ( 0.92 ) is merely somewhat better in gauging WQI compared to four independent variables ( 0.91 ) which demonstrates that ANN is capable of gauging WQI with acceptable truth when it is trained by extinguishing COD and pH as independent variables ( Juahir et al. , 2004 ) .Application of ANN has been extend to wastewater quality monitoring intents. Harmonizing to Hore et Al. ( 2008 ) , H2O organic structures have become more and more contaminated owing to dispatch of industrial waste. Therefore, it has been the main concern of scientists, applied scientists and ecologists to diminish the H2O pollution degree around the Earth to keep living viability and ecological balance. In this paper, the seasonal and positional fluctuation of effluent parametric quantities in a natural flowing watercourse has been observed and an ANN theoretical account is proposed to foretell the H2O quality. Tolly s communication channel was chosen as the horizon of this instance survey. Wastewater and sediment samples were collected from Tolly s Canal and the River gang at different points and different seasons both at high and low tide conditions on a peculiar twenty-four hours. All the of import H2O quality parametric quantities were evaluated. To summarize and de scribe river-water quality, a new term, WQI, has been introduced. The WQI value is a dimensionless figure runing from 0 to 100 ( best quality ) . In this survey, the WQI is predicted by a simulative theoretical account utilizing an ANN. This theoretical account has been developed for the appraisal of the WQI and compared with the conventionally determined values of WQI. An MLP web with a individual hidden bed was used along with back-propagation algorithm. The consequences were found to be rather impressive. Therefore, the ANN proved to be an efficient tool to measure the WQI of any sample.ANN has been established in other types of field, such as chemical science where a group of research worker attempted to foretell peptide semiliquid chromatography elution times in proteome analyses. Harmonizing to Petritis et al. , ( 2003 ) , the usage of unreal nervous webs ( ANNs ) is described for foretelling the reversed-phase liquid chromatography keeping times of peptides enzymatically dig ested from proteome-wide proteins. To enable the accurate comparing of the legion liquid chromatography/mass spectometry informations sets, a familial algorithm was developed to normalise the peptide keeping informations into a scope ( from 0 to 1 ) , bettering the peptide elution clip duplicability to 1 % . The web developed in this survey was based on amino acid residue composing and consists of 20 input nodes, 2 hidden nodes, and 1 end product node. A information set of more than 7000 confidently identified peptides from the micro-organism Deinococcus radiodurans was used for the preparation of the ANN. The ANN was so used to foretell the elution times for another set of 5200 peptides tentatively identified by mass spectra/mass spectometry from a different micro-organism ( Shewanella oneidensis ) . The theoretical account was found to foretell the elution times of peptides with up to 54 amino acid residues ( the longest peptide identified after tryptic digestion of S. oneidensis ) with an mean truth of 3 % . This prognostic capableness was so used to separate with high assurance isobar peptides otherwise identical by accurate mass measurings every bit good as to bring out peptide misidentifications. Therefore, integrating of ANN peptide elution clip anticipation in the proteomic research will increase both the figure of protein designations and their assurance.integration of two statistical analysis were implented in a relevant survey of Quantitative designation and beginning allotment of anthropogenetic heavy metals in marine deposit of Hong Kong. Based on 10s heavy metals collected twice yearly at 59 sites from 1998 to 2004, enrichment factors ( EFs ) , PCA and APCS-MLR were used in designation and beginning allotment of the anthropogenetic heavy metals in marine deposit. EFs with Fe as a normaliser and local background as mention values was decently tested and suited in Hong Kong, and Zn, Ni, Pb, Cu, Cd, Hg and Cr chiefly originated from anthropogenetic beginnings, while Al, Mn and Fe were derived from stones enduring. Rotated PCA and GIS mapping farther identified two types of anthropogenetic beginnings and their impacted parts ( 1 ) electronic industrial pollution, riparian overflow and vehicle exhaust impacted the full Victoria Harbour, interior Tolo Harbour, Eastern Buffer, interior Deep Bay and Cheung Chau and ( 2 ) discharges from fabric mills and pigment, influenced Tsuen Wan Bay and Kwun Tong typhoon shelter and Rambler Channel. In add-on, APCS-MLR was successfully introduced to quantitatively find the beginning parts with uncertainnesss about less than 8 % the first anthropogenetic beginnings were responsible for 50.0, 45.1, 86.6, 78.9 and 87.5 % of the Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd and Hg, severally, whereas 49.9 % of the Ni and 58.4 % of the Cr came from the 2nd anthropogenetic beginnings ( Zhou et al. , 2007 ) .The APCS-MLR assumed a additive relationship between the entire mass concentration and the parts of each component. The AP CS-MLR assumed a additive relationship between the entire mass concentration and the parts of each component ( Thurston and Spengler, 1985 ) . Ln- and Box-Cox transmutations of these variables improved normalcy except for Fe and Al, and Fe, severally. Compared with the ln transmutation, the Box-Cox transmutation significantly reduced the lopsidedness of the informations, which was good to the multivariate analysis. Meanwhile, the negative effects of outliers in the to a great extent skewed natural informations were reduced by the Box-Cox transmutation ( Zhang, 2006 ) . Finally ( 4 ) the Box-Cox transformed datasets were exchangeable for PCA to minimise the effects of differences in meter units and discrepancy and to render the information dimensionless ( Johnson and Wichern, 2002 ) .The chief intent of present survey was to utilize a multivariate statistical attack to sort lending beginning harmonizing to their interrelatedness and to foretell H2O quality of Kedah River. For this intent, principle constituent tonss of 30 physical, chemical, and biological H2O quality parametric quantities from this river were used as independent variables in PCA and ANN. It is proved that uniting two statistical methods provide a better reading of consequences and a much accurate prognostic theoretical account.Chapter 3Materials and Methods3.1. Study AreaSungai Kedah is more than 100 kilometers long, arising from the cragged countries surrounding Perlis and Thailand in the North and nor-east. From here the river flows through hilly terrain and eventually through a broad coastal field. As a major river system in the province, Sungai Kedah flows through the territories of Kubang Pasu, Kota Setar, Padang Terap and Pendang.At present there are 54 H2O quality Stationss, 26 H2O discharge ( flow ) Stationss and one groundwater Stationss in the river basin. The bureau with the most extended H2O monitoring in this basin is MADA which operates more than 50 % of the entire Stationss.In this survey, I think on Sungai Kedah, fluxing from the very bosom of the capital metropolis of Kedah. Sungai Kedah is more than 100 kilometers long, arising from the cragged countries surrounding Perlis and Thailand in the North and nor-east. From here the river flows through hilly terrain and eventually through a broad coastal field. As a major river system in the province, Sungai Kedah flows through the territories of Kubang Pasu, Kota Setar, Padang Terap and Pendang.The natural basin is about 60 kilometers broad and 80 kilometers long and covers an country of 2,920 km2. The basin ranges from 400 metres high to the coastal fields. The coastal field is the contract of rice cultivation. The province capital was founded over 250 old ages ago at the meeting of Sungai Anak Bukit and Sungai Kedah, which was the Centre for the rice trade. The coastal field is dominated by the Muda Irrigation Scheme covering an country of 966 km2.Runing across four territories and run outing a 3rd of t he State of Kedah, Sungai Kedah plays a important function in the lives of the people. The dominant signifier of land usage in the basin is agribusiness ( 62 % ) . This is followed by woods cover ( 28 % ) , urban countries ( 6.6 % ) and H2O organic structures ( 3 % ) . Muda Irrigation Scheme, besides known as the Rice Bowl of Malaysia, is managed by MADA. 30 % of it lies within the Sungai Kedah Basin.Within Sungai Kedah Basin, there are besides irrigation strategies outside of the MADA country managed by DID. A entire figure of 17 such strategies are found in the 4 territories within the basin. These countries added up to about 3,500 strategies come from assorted beginnings, including Sungai Kedah feeders and MADA canals ( DID, 2007 ) .The Pedu, Ahning and Muda dikes in the upper catchment of Sungai Padang Terap Basin supply the State of Kedah and some parts of the State of Perlis with H2O for irrigation, every bit good as domestic and industrial utilizations throughout the twelvemo nth. 26 % of Sungai Kedah Basin ( about 62,000 hectares ) comprises of lasting forest modesty in Bukit Perangin, Chebor Besar, Koh Moi, Padang Terap, Pedu and Sungai Badak.These lasting wood militias function as H2O catchment countries. During the rainy season, the catchment countries replenish the rivers and absorb big sum of rain H2O, thereby minimising hazard of deluging. During the dry season, the catchment countries replenish the rivers and provide uninterrupted supply of H2O.These woods are home ground of a alter aggregation of works and carnal species. This includes the river terrapins which are threatened due to habitat devastation and inordinate eggs poaching. The river terrapins are protected under the Kedah Terrapin Enactment 1972. The river is besides the home ground for fish species such as toman, rohu, belida, jelawat, patin and lampam.3.2 DatasDesignations of beginning allotment in river H2O quality utilizing both APCS and ANN in this survey should lend a better cons equences and accounts to which parametric quantities takes the most important impairment. These H2O quality parametric quantities were measured within continuance of 1997-2006 at 6 Stationss. 3 other Stationss, viz. 2KD07, 2KD08 and 2KD09 were built and became operational beginning in twelvemonth 2005, which explains a deficiency of informations compared to other Stationss along Kedah River.The parametric quantities measured in all the 9 Stationss are Dissolved Oxygen ( DO ) , Biological Oxygen Demand ( BOD ) , Chemical Oxygen Demand ( COD ) , pH, Ammoniacal Nitrogen ( NH3-NL ) , temperature, conduction, salt, turbidness, SS, DS, TS, nitrate, Cl, PO4, As, Hg, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Ca, Fe, Na, Mg, , OG, MBAS, E. coli and Coliform. These informations were non absolutely complete, with a figure of losing informations in each parametric quantity. To get the better of this state of affairs, estimate utilizing norm of close neighbouring informations were performed in order for the analysing pr ocedure to be smoother, particularly when utilizing XLSTAT to execute PCA. Another defect that can be found in the whole information set is some are shuting or under the restriction of measuring. This sort of defect can be identified with mathematical figure ( & A lt ) in forepart of the parametric quantities value. What can be done here is to merely added in by two to do it legalize for XLSTAT analysing procedure.In order to better the information I have obtained and guarantee the effectivity of multivariate analysis, the following were performed to my informations ( 1 ) losing informations were estimated utilizing mean values and ( 2 ) values below the bound were replaced by bounds of sensing.3.2.1 Data PartitionThe information in nervous webs are categorized into two sets preparation or larning sets. The acquisition set is used to find the adjusted weights and prejudices of a web. The trial set is used for standardization, which prevents overtraining webs. The general attack fo r choosing a good preparation set from available informations series involves including all of the utmost events ( i.e. all possible minimal and maximal values in the preparation set ) . a manner that both preparation and trial informations sets are statistically comparable. The trial set should be about 10-40 % of the size of the preparation set of informations. The H2O quality informations were divided into two sets. The first set contained 70 % of the records and was used as a preparation set the 2nd trial contained 30 % of the records and was used as trial set.3.3 Statistical methodsPrinciple constituent analysis and unreal nervous web were performed on these 30 parametric quantities to rank their comparative significance and to depict their interrelatedness forms every bit good as to make a theoretical account base on existent river category and predicted river category. XLSTAT bundle is used to analyse the information with Principal Component Analysis and the Artificial Neur al Networks were constructed utilizing Forecaster XL.The first measure taken is to execute PCA on all 30 H2O quality parametric quantities in order to rexclude undistinguished informations. After that, eigenanalysis were performed to pull out informations with characteristic first of a square matrix higher than 1 and a new group of variables was created as a resemblance of the whole information set. Varimax rotary motion was besides performed to obtain varimax factors of the rule constituents. In this sudy, merely varimax factors with values more than 0.70 ( ( lordly or negative ) will be discussed.Based on the tonss from PCA consequences, a web of prognostic theoretical account was established. The chief ground of these method was to diagrammatically show the per centum of each rule constituents or variables part and/or importance towards the overall quality of the river.Mark value ( skj ) for jth observation in kth Personal computer was obtained from the weight of variables in P ersonal computers and standardized variables by utilizing the undermentioned equation Skj = t1k z1j + t2k z2j + + tpk zpjWhere J = 1, 2, . . . , n is the figure of observation k = 1, 2, . . . , Q, the figure of selected Personal computer figure p the figure of independent variables Skj the standardized mark value of jth observation in kth Personal computers zpj the standardised value of pth variable of jth observation, calculated from zee = yp & amp 1263 /sx, where yp is the original value of pth variable and tpk the standardised weight of the pth variable in kth Personal computers. One attack was employed in utilizing Personal computer tonss that is, utilizes merely 9 Personal computers with Eigen values greater 1 out of 29 rules constituents. Eigenvalues can be thought of as quantitative appraisal of how much a constituent represents the information. The higher the characteristic root of a square matrixs of a constituent, the more representative it is of the informations .To find the public presentation of each of the selected web theoretical account, three different standards were used the root mean square mistake ( RMSE ) , the prejudice, and the coefficient of finding or symbolized by R & A sup2 ( Chenard and Caissie, 2008 ) . The RMSE represents the mistake associated with the theoretical account and can be computed asRMSE = ( & A amount ( ypi oi ) & A sup2 / N ) & A frac12 where ypi and oi represent the theoretical account computed and measured values of the variable, and N represents the figure of observations. The RMSE, a step of the goodness-of-fit, best describes an mean step of the mistake in foretelling the dependant variable.However, it does non supply any information on stage differences. The prejudice represents the mean of all the single mistakes and indicates whether the theoretical account overestimates or underestimates the dependant variable. It is calculated asBias = 1/N & A amount ( ypi oi )The coefficient of finding ( R2 ) represents the per centum of variableness that can be explained by the theoretical account and is calculated asR & A sup2 = ( ( N & A sum oi ypi ( & A sum oi ) ( & A sum ypi ) ) / N & A sum o & A sup2 one ( & A sum oi ) & A sup2 & A times N & A sum y & A sup2 pi- ( & A sum ypi ) & A sup2 ) & A sup2 Adequacy of the created modelswas evaluated through reciting the comparative extent of engagement of assorted input variables in the theoretical account public presentation. Fitness of the created ANN theoretical accounts was checked through analysis of the remainders. In a dependent-independent variable mold attack, it is desirable to measure the comparative importance and part of each of the independent variables in a theoretical account and in subsequent calculation anticipation of the dependant variable. Here, we used partitioning attack to show the importance of independent variables for the end product bed instead than a individual end produc t node, working as to partition thesumof effects onthe end product bed ( Garson, 1998 ) . Here, the general web consists of 11 environmental variables. The importance of each variable can be expressed as ( Lee et al. , 2003 ) I = & amp amount ( New Hampshire ) ( j=1 ) ABS ( wji ) / & A amount ( Nevada ) ( k=1 ) & A amount ( New Hampshire ) ( j=1 ) ABS ( wji ) Kwhere New Hampshire is the figure of concealed nodes, Nevada is the figure of input variables, wji is the connectionweight from the ith input node to jth concealed node, and ABS demotes the absolute value of the map.Chapter 4Consequences and Discussion4.1 Chief Component TonssIn this survey, a set of 410 samples reasoning 30 H2O quality parametric quantities runing from the twelvemonth 1997 until 2006 was obtained. The ground to cover such big figure of informations is to cover all possible conditions and to perfectize any defect that may cash in ones chips during the building of this theoretical account. The parametr ic quantities involved and examined in chemometrics analysis, or Personal computers are DO, BOD, COD, SS, pH, NH3-NL, temperature, conduction, turbidness, salt, dissolved solids, entire solids, NO3, Cl, Ca, PO4, As, Hg, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Oil and Grease, MBAS, E-Coli and Coliform.The first measure in measuring this confounding information set i